SPECIES DISTRIBUTION UPDATE OF MANSONIA BLANCHARD, 1901 MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN INDONESIA WITH THE ILLUSTRATED KEY FOR FEMALE MOSQUITO

Mansonia is a genus of mosquitoes of which several species are confirmed vectors of lymphatic filariasis. Many countries including Indonesia are still struggling to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Report of the Mansonia mosquito diversity and its distribution is essential to develop the control strategies. Six of eight Mansonia species have been confirmed as lymphatic filariasis vectors in Indonesia. This paper aims to update the distribution of the Mansonia mosquito in Indonesia. Species distribution data were summarized from various literature regarding the Mansonia mosquito. The data is complemented by the results of the National Research on Disease Vector and Reservoir (Rikhus Vektora) results conducted by the National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD) in 2015-2018. There were new distribution records for four species of Mansonia mosquitoes in Indonesia. Mansonia annulata Leicester, Ma. annulifera (Theobald), and Ma. indiana Edwards are now recorded distributed throughout the archipelago. Meanwhile, Ma. bonneae Edwards has a new distribution record in the Moluccas. The illustrated identification key for female Mansonia mosquitoes in Indonesia is provided in this paper.

Comparing the Socioeconomic Development of G7 and BRICS Countries and Resilience to COVID-19: An Entropy–MARCOS Framework

In this article, we aim to compare the socioeconomic development (SED) of the countries listed in G7 (representing developed nations) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—developing countries). Further, we intend to delve into the nexus between the SED of a country and its resilience to the current pandemic, COVID-19. The initial apprehension is that a country with better SED can show better resilience. To test this assumption, we consider seven socioeconomic indicators representing income, employment status, educational level, health condition, government expenditures in essential areas, like health, research and development, and gender equality and apply a compromise solution–based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework. Next, we consider three parameters, namely infected cases (IC), recovery rate (RR), and death rate (DR), as explanatory proxy variables to indicate the resilience of the countries to COVID-19 spread. Finally, we examine the association between the SED and resilience of the countries. The results show that the SED of a country does not lead to better resilience to COVID-19.

Serologic Surveillance and Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospital Health Care Workers

BACKGROUNDIt is unclear how, when and where health care workers (HCW) working in hospitals are infected with SARS-CoV-2.METHODSProspective cohort study comprising 4-weekly measurement of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies and questionnaires from March to June 2020. We compared SARS-CoV-2 incidence between HCW working in Covid-19 patient care, HCW working in non-Covid-19 patient care and HCW not in patient care. Phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 samples from patients and HCW were performed to identify potential transmission clusters.RESULTSWe included 801 HCW: 439 in the Covid-19 patient care group, 164 in the non-Covid-19 patient care group and 198 in the no patient care group. SARS-CoV-2 incidence was highest in HCW working in Covid-19 patient care (13.2%), as compared with HCW in non-Covid-19 patient care (6.7%, hazard ratio [HR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 4.3) and in HCW not working in patient care (3.6%, HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.8 to 8.6). Within the group of HCW caring for Covid-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence was highest in HCW working on Covid-19 wards (25.7%), as compared with HCW working on intensive care units (7.1%, HR 3.6, 95% CI 1.9 to 6.9), and HCW working in the emergency room (8.0%, HR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5 to 7.1). Phylogenetic analyses on Covid-19 wards identified multiple potential HCW-to-HCW transmission clusters while no patient-to-HCW transmission clusters were identified.CONCLUSIONSHCW working on Covid-19 wards are at increased risk for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an important role for HCW-to-HCW transmission.(Funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development ZonMw & the Corona Research Fund Amsterdam UMC; Netherlands Trial Register number NL8645)

Insights into Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Critical Analysis on its Wide Aspects

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous, most common type of acute leukaemia that involves mutation in haematopoietic and progenitors stem cells (HPSCs) leading to uncontrolled division, self-renewal and differentiation. Though it was untreatable about a half century ago, AML is now considered to be treatable in up to 40% of adults and those who are at or under 60 years of age. For the post-induction treatment, the mutation testing and cytogenetics are still an important prognostic tool. The AML treatment remains unchanged for almost three decades, although the field is advanced with the discovery of new drugs and deep understanding of the disease biology. Still, many people are relapsing and are dying eventually from the disease. This review discusses the broader aspects of AML, reflecting some of the most important and productive areas of research on the subject and was conducted using thoroughly searching databases, including Health Research and Development Information network Plus (HERDIN Plus), google scholar and PubMed to critically analyses the recent advances, available treatments and future prospectives of AML.

Risk of Recrudescence of Lymphatic Filariasis after Post-MDA Surveillance in Brugia malayi Endemic Belitung District, Indonesia

Belitung district in Bangka-Belitung Province, Indonesia with a population of 0.27 million is endemic for Brugia malayi and 5 rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) were completed by 2010. Based on the results of 3 transmission assessment surveys (TAS), the district is declared as achieving elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in 2017. The findings of an independent survey conducted by the National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD) in the same year showed microfilaria (Mf) prevalence of 1.3% in this district. In 2019, NIHRD conducted microfilaria survey in 2 villages in Belitung district. Screening of 311 and 360 individuals in Lasar and Suak Gual villages showed Mf prevalence of 5.1% and 2.2% with mean Mf density of 120 and 354 mf/ml in the respective villages. Mf prevalence was significantly higher among farmers and fishermen compared to others and the gender specific difference was not significant. The results of a questionnaire based interview showed that 62.4% of the respondents reported to have participated in MDA in Lasar while it was 57.7% in Suak Gual village. About 42% of the Mf positive cases did not participate in MDA. Environmental surveys identified many swampy areas supporting the breeding of Mansonia vector species. Persistence of infection is evident and in the event of successful TAS3 it is necessary to monitor the situation and plan for focal MDA. Appropriate surveillance strategies including xenomonitoring in post-MDA situations need to be developed to prevent resurgence of infection. Possible role of animal reservoirs is discussed.

Characteristics of Hypertension Patients in Coastal District Percut Sei Tuan

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease that is a threat to people in developing countries. Hypertension is also called the silent killer which is the cause of death in Indonesia. The prevalence of hypertension in North Sumatra Province reaches 6.7% of the population in North Sumatra, based on data from the Ministry of Health's Health Research and Development Agency. This means that the population of North Sumatra suffering from hypertension reaches 12.42 million people spread across several districts (Ministry of Health, 2013). aro Regency is one of the highest numbers of hypertension, following Deli Serdang district. In 2016 the number of hypertensive patients in Karo Regency was 12,608 people, this prevalence was higher in female sex (52%) men (48%), the largest in the age group 55-59 years (Simbolon, 2016). This type of research is descriptive using the quantitative method with a cross sectional approach. Determination of the number of samples by simple random sampling, and obtained a sample of 30 people. Data analysis using univariate analysis to see the frequency distribution of each variable. The results of this study found that, 50% of respondents had high school education, 85% of respondents as housewives, respondents aged between 40-60 years, and 60% of respondents had a family history of hypertension.

UTILIZATION OF JAMU IN PUERPERAL MOTHER IN SUMATERA AND JAVA ISLAND (LITERATURE REVIEW OF HEALTH ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2012-2016)

ABSTRACTIndonesian people used to consume herbal medicines called "jamu", which is as a hereditary alternative medicine, to heal or fresh the body. Furthermore, the postpartum mother, who needs recovery after birth, also drinks the herbs. This essay employed a literature review of 14 ethnographic books conducted by National Institute of Health Research and Development, which focused on the herbal medicines for puerperal mothers. The results of the literature review revealed that the majority of mothers in Java and Sumatera using jamu during the postpartum period to heal and recover the mother's health. Not only do the mother drink jamu, but she also applies certain herbs on her body. Clinical trials have proved the efficacy of ingredients for herbal medicines. Therefore, people prefer to use the herbs because it is easy to find and inexpensive, and it also has a long-term effect on the mother's health and fitness. However, herbal medicine, which is usually employed by the people, needs further research, in particular, the dose of jamu. So, herbal medicine based on local wisdom can be one of consideration in the health development program. Keyword: Jamu, Pueperal, Traditional