Review of automatized meteorological stations use for agricultural purposes

The article deals with the questions of application and functioning of automated weather stations in agriculture. Digitalization of agriculture can significantly increase the efficiency of production and reduce the cost of manufacturing products by obtaining and accumulating information about the ongoing technological processes and making appropriate management decisions. A huge role is given to the possibility of obtaining operational data on the level of soil moisture reserves, the prevailing meteorological conditions, etc. in real time. The use of automated meteorological stations makes it possible to obtain data that can be used in the management of operations, requiring control and monitoring. This paper discusses the application and operation of automated meteorological stations in agriculture, and provides an analysis of the operation of the Davis Vantage Pro 2, Sokol-M and Meteobot® Pro weather stations in Krasnogvardeisky, Belogorsky and Saky regions. The analysis of weather station configurations, sensor installation methods, measurement accuracy, and more is made. The measured data was evaluated with the data, obtained from the weather stations of the WMO network. The prospects of further use of automated weather stations in agricultural monitoring tasks are considered.

The effect of elements of soybean cultivation technology on its productivity and water consumption on the slopes of ordinary blackearth

Soy is a multifaceted agricultural crop. Its demand increases significantly every year. At the same time, the effect of elements of soybean cultivation technology on its yield and water consumption in conditions of erosion-dangerous lands of ordinary blackearth (chernozem) has not been sufficiently determined. The purpose of the current study was to assess the effect of soil cultivation methods, sowing methods and the background of mineral fertilizing on productivity and water consumption of soybean on the eroded slopes of the Pre-Azov area of the Rostov region. The trial was laid in the system of contour-landscape arrangement of the territory with the strip placement of crops on an erosion-dangerous slope with a steepness of up to 3.5–4°. The settlement of trial variants according to the methods of main soil cultivation and sowing methods is systematic, the repetitions of the trial and the background of fertilizers have been randomized. The field trial scheme included options with moldboard and chisel main tillage and such two sowing methods as a wide-row method with 45 cm row spacing, and a continuous row method (soil protection) with 15 cm row spacing. Mineral fertilizing included ‘0’ background was a natural fertility; ‘I’ background was N30Р60 kg/ha; ‘II’ background was N50Р90 kg/ha. The forecrop was spring barley. The study used the generally accepted methods, developed by B.A. Dospekhov (1979), A.N. Kostyakov (1957), S.A. Vorobyov (1971) and others. In the process of the study, there have been determined the parameters and nature of the formation of soil moisture reserves, its total amount for water consumption and for the development of a unit of production depending on various tilling systems, sowing methods and levels of mineral fertilizing. As a result of the study, there was found that the maximum soybean productivity (2.51 t/ha) and the most productive moisture consumption (88 mm t) were obtained using the chisel basic tillage and a continuous row sowing method against the background of mineral fertilizers N50Р90 kg/ha.

Influence of organic fertilizers on the water and food regime of meadow-chernozem soil

The research is based on the results of studying the effect of solid organic fertilizers based on cattle manure (cattle) of various storage periods on the supply of productive moisture and the chemical composition of meadow-chernozem soil. The studies were carried out at LLC RUSKOM-Agro, Omsk region in 2017-2018. The application of organic fertilizers significantly increases the content of nitrate nitrogen (from very low to very high levels), mobile phosphorus and potassium. In the first year of aftereffect, manure doses continue to have a significant impact on the nutrient regime of the soil. Moisture reserves before sowing were characterized as good (133-154 mm) without significant changes when applying manure.

PRECISE LAND RECLAMATION AS A MEANS OF PRESERVING SOIL FERTILITY

The purpose of the work is to assess the probabilities of the need for irrigation, taking into account the requirements of plants and soils for different agro hydrological areas of the Samara region, in which fi ve agro hydrological areas are allocated. The issues of substantiation of irrigation taking into account both the requirements of plants and soils in the conditions of heterogeneity of the distribution of moisture reserves in the soil at the macro level (in agro hydrological areas) are considered. This allows you to choose the most favorable conditions for growing plants and preserving soil fertility, allows you to reflect the requirements of the soil biota community. Soil requirements (optimal moisture reserves for soil formation) are proposed to be defined as the most probable in specific natural and climatic conditions, which makes it possible to reflect the requirements of the soil biota community, since it is difficult to use the indicator type of soil organisms. Calculations are carried out on the example of a moisture-loving plant (cabbage) and a cereal grass mixture little demanding for water. The requirements of plants to soil moisture reserves represent the function of dependence of their productivity on moisture reserves in a layer 0… 50 cm. Soil requirements are determined using the space-time function of the distribution of moisture reserves in the conditions of natural vegetation (grass). The need for hydro-reclamation measures is determined by comparing the requirements of plants and environmental conditions. The probability of the need to irrigate a moisture-loving crop in different agro hydrological areas is 18%, for crops that are not demanding water – 12%. At the same time, soil formation conditions improve up to 60%.

Dynamics of the soil moisture and the soil moisture reserves when growing grain sorgo in Kalmykia

In the semi-desert zone of Kalmykia in 2016–2018 field experiments were conducted on growing in the unirrigated conditions of a promising grain-foraging culture – grain sorghum in three ways of basic soil treatment (drying plowing, flat-cut processing, disking). Analysis of the results of field observations of humidity and reserves of productive moisture in the soil at the depth of the root layer during vegetation allowed to justify the choice of varieties of grain sorghum and to identify the advantages of flat-cut soil treatment in saving moisture and its rational use by plants in the unirrigated conditions.

Management of the elements of technology for growing of sunflower in the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine

The article presents the results of scientific research on the management of technology elements and the influence of factors on the productivity of sunflower in the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine. The studies were conducted in the fields of the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe NAAS, which is located in the black earth zone of the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine. The level of sunflower productivity is determined by the conditions of water and nutrient conditions of soil. Water regime is formed by the weather conditions, the amount of soil moisture reserves, the amount and intensity of rainfall during the year, incl. during the growing season. The moisture reserves available to plants in the meter layer of soil before sowing, in the flowering phase and before harvesting were different during the years of research, varied in terms of sowing and depended on the density of standing plants. Of particular importance for sunflower plants is the content of available moisture in the 0–100 сm layer of soil after the formation of baskets. During this period, sunflower intensively consumes available moisture from deeper layers of soil. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium varied significantly over the years and under the influence of different fertilizer backgrounds. Application of nitrogen fertilizers in combination with phosphorus and potassium, N40P40K40 + PP and N40P40K40, improves soil nutrition and creates more favourable conditions for growing and developing sunflower plants and maintaining soil fertility. Under these conditions, the LG 55.82 hybrid with a plant density of 60 housand/ha formed the highest yield for the first sowing period – 3.85 t/ha. Considering the economic indicators, it is efficient to grow LG 54.85 and LG 55.82 hybrids for the first sowing period. Forward and LG 56.32 sunflower hybrids provide the highest economic performance for the third sowing period. Among the hybrids, it is most economically apropriate to grow LG 55.82 when sowing at soil temperature of 5–6°C and plant density of 60 thousand/ha. The net profit in this variant was 22043 UAH/ha, and the level of profitability was 224.1%. The energy efficiency ratio was the highest in the first sowing period of the LG 55.82 hybrid – 4.44.

Approaches for evaluation of relief morphometric characteristics influence on spatial distribution of moisture in the soils of steppe part of Crimea

Data on soil moisture reserves are the basis for decision-making in the agricultural boghara system, because it determines the development of agricultural crops potential, terms of top-dressing and additional fertilizing, and makes it possible to predict yield of agricultural crops. In this article the influence of relief morphometric characteristics on the distribution of precipitation over the territory was studied. The research area is the land of the eastern part of Klepininsky rural settlement of Krasnogvardeysky district, the central part of Crimean Peninsula. The article considers approaches, divided into 2 main categories (according to the type of data used), based on the use of GIS capabilities and remote sensing data, to analyze the soil water content (SWC) using the example of research area and relationship of this parameter to the terrain relief. It was established that the morphometric characteristics of relief affect the amount of soil moisture.

WATER AVAILIBILITY OF SPRING RAPE SEEDS ON AGROCHERNOZEM OF KANSK FOREST-STEPPE

The influence of spring rapeseed on the water regime and moisture balance of agrochernozem was studied in a field experiment under the conditions of the Kansk forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The study of the water regime of agrochernozem in the crops of spring rape was carried out on 4 test plots from May to September with an interval of 10-12 days. Soil samples were taken from the depth of 0-100 cm every 10 cm. It has been established that the water regime of agrochernozem, functioning in crops of spring rape, determined by soil conditions, biological and physiological characteristics of plants and meteorological parameters, is generally satisfactory in the meter layer. Moisture profiles of typical clayey-illuvial agrochernozem, reflecting the distribution of moisture in the soil for the period May-September, showed drying of 0-30 cm of the soil layer in the period from the beginning of stem growth to full maturation. Precipitation, which fell in the period from June to August, was completely consumed and did not replenish the soil moisture reserves, but played an important role in the formation of the crop yield. The reserves of productive moisture in the 0-20 cm layer were 9-11 mm and were assessed as poor during the period of flowering and pod formation in rape. Intensive consumption of productive moisture during the growing season occurred mainly from the 0-50 cm layer (Cv = 38%) and, to a lesser extent, from the 50-100 cm layer (Cv = 26%). Evapotranspiration moisture consumption by spring rape from the 0- 50 cm was rated at 255 mm. The average moisture consumption for the formation of 1 ton of spring rapeseed was 54 mm with a yield of 4.8 t / ha.

Ecological features of No-till technology in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Ecological features of No-till technology in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine The effect of No-till technology on soil density, soil moisture reserves, soil microbiological activity, and crop yields was studied. The increase in crop yield up to 14.3-22.9% by No-till technology allowed us to draw a conclusion about optimizing soil fertility indicators in the climatic conditions of the southern Steppe zone of Ukraine in comparison with traditional intensive technologies. It was shown that the introduction of No-till technology will allow improve environmental processes in the soil, reduce the anthropogenic load on agroecosystems and the manifestation of erosion processes, increase crop yields and reduce energy costs for their cultivation. Keywords: soil, No-till technology, soil density, soil moisture, fertility, yield.