Gender Differences in the Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour on Smoking Cessation Intention in Young Soldiers

Background: The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) explanation of smoking cessation intentions consists of gender differences. The purpose of this study is to adopt the extended TPB to discuss factors influencing the smoking cessation intentions of young adult volunteer soldiers and to further compare the respective factors for both genders. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 139 and 165 male and female volunteer soldiers who smoked, respectively. Research participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that comprised items pertaining to the participants’ demographic characteristics, smoking behaviours, smoking cessation experiences, social environments, and TPB variables. Results: Subjective norms (friends) are a positive key factor for young adult male (β = 0.033, p = 0.012) and female (β = 0.076, p < 0.001) volunteer soldiers’ smoking cessation intentions, and perceived behavioural control is a key factor for male young (β = 0.226, p = 0.040) adult volunteer soldiers’ smoking cessation intention. The extended TPB accounted for 27.9% and 53.2% of the variance in the intention to quit smoking in the male and female volunteer soldiers, respectively. Conclusions: We suggest that smoking cessation strategies can reinforce gender-specific intervention strategies to assist young adult volunteer soldiers in smoking cessation.

EFFECTS OF GINGIVAL MARGIN ASYMMETRIES ON THE SMILE ESTHETIC PERCEPTION OF DENTAL PROFESSIONALS AND LAYPEOPLE IN KHAMMAM

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the smile esthetic perception of dental professionals and laypeople in Khammam on gingival margin asymmetries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A frontal close-up smile photograph of a female volunteer was captured and digitally altered in four stages of 0.5mm increments and nal images were assessed by dentists and laypeople. A questionnaire was carried out to evaluate the attractiveness of images by using a visual analog scale. Collected data were analyzed using Mann – Whitney U test. RESULTS: Smiles with 2mm gingival asymmetries were found to be less esthetic. Dentist's scores were signicantly lower than patient scores. CONCLUSION: As the amount of gingival display increased, esthetic scores decreased in both groups.

Female Volunteer Coaches in Community Sport: A Scoping Review and Research Agenda

Over the past two decades there has been an increase in female sport participation in countries around the world, however, this has not been matched with an increase in the number of females volunteering to coach at the community level of sport. This paper uses a scoping review methodology to synthesize and analyze the extant research published on female volunteer community sport coaches, to identify gaps in the existing literature, and to provide directions for future research. It identifies a general lack of reported research on female volunteer coaches within community levels of sport and reports that existing research has focused on five themes: female volunteer coach motives, barriers, values, supports, and retention. The paper proposes a research agenda focused on seven key themes: policy and governance, coaching pathways, recruitment, retention, performance, stress and wellbeing, and support, as well as suggestions for research methods to explore these themes.

Sisters in Arms: Ireland, Gender and Militarisation, 1914–1918

Remembering the 1914–18 War has a complex and contentious history in Ireland. Recent scholarship has re-examined the complexity of the Irish experience during this period, both by addressing the place of Irishmen in the Allied Forces and by retrieving the contribution of women towards the formation of the Irish Free State. However, the reinstatement of the female experience within the nationalist narrative has overlooked other female experiences of wartime in Ireland which were significantly different from those of their British counterparts. This essay examines an aspect of the ‘Home Front’ in Ireland when women's involvement in war industries, particularly in the Dublin munitions factories, are seen as crucial to the European war effort. Though the revolutionary, armed female volunteer is recognisably a figure of modernity, the female munitions worker, operating within the technological machinery of warfare, is also one. This essay explores the mobilization of women within the Irish war industries and suggests that there is still much work to be done in uncovering the extent of Irishwomen's contribution to the military war effort. Considering the complexities and contradictions of these parallel frameworks for modern Irish womanhood, this essay addresses how the Irish case adds important new dimensions to our understanding of the war's wide-ranging impacts on concepts of gender and the public roles of women that continue to resonate as the twentieth century unfolds.

Decolonial Perspectives on Charitable Spaces of “Welcome Culture” in Germany

This article focusses on the relationships between volunteers and refugees in the German “welcome culture”. I highlight the continuities between historical and colonial notions of feminine charity and contemporary volunteering efforts in support of refugees in Germany. The “welcome culture” is conceived here as a charitable space that is historically sedimented by specific understandings of gender, racial and class difference. In particular, the difference between the modern emancipated female volunteer and the female oppressed refugee plays a central role. The question of female self-determination, then, becomes an important social arena in the German “welcome culture”, through which the rate and terms of participation of refugees in social life are negotiated. Thus I draw on decolonial thought as well as theoretical insights from post-development scholarship and critical studies of humanitarianism in order to consider the multitemporal and transnational character of current “welcome culture” as well as to gain a better understanding of the entailed power relations. These are more contingent than might first appear. Presenting findings from my ongoing fieldwork I conclude that the notion of “welcome culture” allows for the emergence of new forms of sociality.

MEASUREMENT OF CYP1A2 PHENOTYPE USING FEMALE VOLUNTEER PLASMA: A FOCUS ON CAFFEINE AND PARAXANTHINE AS A PROBE

Caffeine neither causing didn't decrease the risk of cancer, yet it used just to note the activity of cytochrome P-4501A2 (CYP1A2) by converting into its metabolite i.e., paraxanthine. The purpose of the present study was to determine the caffeine and its metabolite phenotypes and their relation to cancer risk in healthy female volunteers of local population in Pakistan. The average value of metabolic ratio [(1,7-dimethylxanthine (17X) and Caffeine 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (137X)] was found to be 1.182995 ± 0.21137. BMI (used to categorize into different groups, i.e., overweight, underweight etc.) of all volunteers were found to be 19.93Kg/m2. Retention time was 15 and 37 min for 1,7-dimethylxanthine (17DMX) and 1,3,7 trimethylxanthine (137TMX), respectively.