Determination of Propagation Times of Finite Ultrasonic Signals in the UFM Measuring Path

This article provides a brief analysis of the error in calculating the discrete crosscorrelation function of the transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter signals. Special attention is paid to the study of the influence of the obtained discrete correlation function inaccuracy on the ultrasonic flowmeter’s propagation times determining error. It is known that for real time-limited acoustic signals, the discrete correlation function values are calculated with a significant error. The consequence of this is the appearance of the measurement error of the time delay between signals. The reason for this phenomenon is incorrect truncation of finite length digital sequences of the received acoustic signals. The report presents and describes an improved cross-correlation method for determining the time difference. The new algorithm takes into account the existing discretizing parameters of the received UPS – sampling frequency, sequence size and the truncated signal’s shape. Theoretical analytical expressions for the signals discrete cross-correlation function estimating are obtained as an approximation of a continuous function (the method of trapezoids and Simpson is used as an integral replacement). The numerical simulation by MatLab explains the error formation essence in the signal times difference calculating.

Research and Application of Globally Optimized Sequence Stratigraphic Seismic Interpretation Technology: Taking the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation of Xujiaweizi Fault Depression as an Example

In the study of sequence stratigraphy in continental rift basins, the use of seismic data to track different levels of sequence stratigraphic boundaries laterally is the key to the division of sequence stratigraphic units at all levels and the establishment of an isochronous sequence stratigraphic framework. Traditional seismic interpretation and the establishment of a 3D sequence stratigraphic structure model are a difficult research work. This paper introduces the concept of cost function minimization and performs global stratigraphic scanning on 3D seismic data to interpret horizons and faults in a large grid. Constrained by the results, human-computer interactive intelligent interpretation, by adding iterative interpretation of geological knowledge, established a global stratigraphic model with a relative geological age. The application in the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation of Xujiaweizi fault depression shows that this technology has improved the accuracy and efficiency of sequence stratigraphic interpretation, and the application of this technology has achieved the interpretation of each event horizon under the current seismic data resolution conditions. In this way, a continuous sequence stratigraphic model is established. From this stratigraphic model, any high-frequency sequence-interpreted seismic horizon can be extracted, which provides a basis for the combination of lateral resolution and longitudinal resolution of subsequent reservoir prediction.

Application of Elemental Geochemistry in High-Frequency Sequence—Stratigraphic Analysis of Lacustrine Shale

The successful development of shale gas and oil in North America has created considerable interest in shale. The analysis of genetic types, the sedimentary environment, and the mudstone development mechanism within sequences is critical for evaluating shale gas and oil exploration prospects, exploration favorable zones, and resource potential. This study focused on the shale of Shahejie Formation in Dongying Depression of Bohai Bay Basin. Shale lithofacies division, geochemical analysis, and well-log analysis were performed for a sedimentary environment and its related elemental response characteristics’ identification. Based on the results, we concluded that the sedimentary environment of the lake basin evolved from the saltwater lake to the ambiguous lake and then the open lake to the delta. In response, we observed gradually decreasing Sr/Ba and Ca/Mg ratios and increasing Rb/Ca and Fe/Mn ratios during the whole process during the reduction of the salinity and the decrease in PH value and sediments’ transport distance. The relationship between ratio elements and high-frequency sequences was initially established within the shale strata. Our results show that ratios of Sr/Ba and Ca/Mg ratios near the sequence boundary are relatively low, and ratios of Fe/Mn and Rb/Ca are relatively high, while ratios of Sr/Ba and Ca/Mg near the flooding surface are relatively high, and ratios of Fe/Mn and Rb/Ca are relatively low. Those features can be used as a marker for high-frequency sequence division of shale strata. Our results provided a new theoretical basis and technical method for shale gas and oil exploration and development.

Tingkah laku agresif rusa Timor (Cervus timorensis) jantan di penangkaran pada fase diurnal dan nokturnal

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The aims of this research was known comparison the appearance of aggressive behavior of male Timor deers reared in maintaining females and territories at captivity, between the time of day time (diurnal) and night phase (nocturnal) seen from the duration, frequency, sequence and interval aggresive behavior.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>This observational research used the observation focal animal sampling method, by directly observing the aggressive behavior of 4 male Timor deers in a good condition, have hard antlers and maintained at location with the same management and conditions. The duration of observations was 24 hours and carried out for 7 days. The parameters observed included the duration, frequency and interval of aggressive behavior male Timor deers. The data analysis used was the non-parametric statistical test Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that there were significant differences in the four aggressive behavior of Timor deers at day time and nocturnal phase (P &lt;0.20) and the observations showed that the duration and frequency of aggressive behavior Timor deers such as wallowing, walking with head up, shouting, rubbing antlers, threatening, running away and climbing more frequently and for longer periods was shown during the day time (diurnal).<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Difference time between day time (diurnal) and night phases (nocturnal) causes the duration and frequency aggressive behavior of Timor deers, was longer and more frequent during the day time.

The evidence for the influence of musical compositions during pregnancy to the structure and functions of the offsprings’ brain

Objective: to compile studies in Surabaya on the effect of Mozart compositions during pregnancy on the number of the offsprings brain neuron, glia, BDNF, apoptotic neurons and, neuronal dendritic density. These series of studies aimed to develop environmental-enrichment model during pregnancy so we can have better brain for the next generation. Better brain means better capacity in processing information, solving the problems, and creating new solutions that depends on the number of neuron, glia, ratio glia/ neuron and synapses. We do believe in the motto of “From Neurons to Nation” Overview: There were 38 studies, in animal models except two in human subjects, all of them with control, prospective, and randomized. The first group consist of analyze the frequency, sequence, time, duration, gestational age, distant, and intensity of Mozart composition. The second group: try to analyze the mechanism and compare with variety of other compositions including other western music(Chopin, Beethoven, Blues, Jazz, Rock) and Indonesian music(Gamelan Jawa, Sunda, Bali, Pop, Religious). The third group: combine with nutrition, reverse sequence, involving cerebrum and cerebellum, and right-left hemisphere. There were no growth restricted, dead, and malformed offsprings in both groups. The BDNF expression, synapsin I expression, the number of neuron, number of glia, and dendritic density of the exposed groups were higher than control. The neuronal apoptotic index were lower in the exposed groupsConclusions: Mozart compositions during pregnancy increased the BDNF, synapsin I, number of neuron, number of glia, dendritic density and, also decreased the neuronal apoptosis in offsprings’ brain

Sedimentary sequence and architecture analysis by integrating multi-discipline data — An example of a sandy conglomerate reservoir in Qie12 block, Qaidam Basin, NW China

Understanding the sedimentary sequence and architecture is important for planning the development strategy. We illustrate a case study of analyzing the sequence and architecture of a sandy conglomerate reservoir by integrating geology, petrophysics, seismic, and development data. The analysis indicates that the depostional environment of the target lower part of the Ganchaigou Formation is an alluvial fan. We defined eight lithofacies according to the core analysis and five sedimentary microfacies by integrating the core and petrophysical data. We next propose four sedimentary architectural models by integrating the lithofacies result, microfacies analysis, and high frequency sequence models. The four architecture models include the extensively connecting body sandwiched with intermittent channels, the composite channel formed by the overlapping and separation of stable channels, the lateral alternated braided channel and sheet flow sediment, and the runoff channel inlaid in flood plain mudstone. We finally build an architecture model for the alluvial fan. The model of the alluvial fan overall shows an upward-fining grain-size features and this feature indicates that the alluvial fan belongs to a retrograding sequence. The built model consists of six alluvial fan bodies that migrates from north.

High-frequency Sequence stratigraphy and facies architecture in Cholan Formation (Pleistocene), northwestern Taiwan: the evolution of a foreland basin

&lt;p&gt;In northwestern Taiwan, Cholan Formation in Dahan river is about 1400 m thick that contains high-frequency sequence stratigraphy (6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;-order) and detail of facies architecture which indicates evolution of the foreland basin. In late Miocene (6 Ma), the Taiwan orogeny belt is formed by the arc-continental collision (the Luzon Volcanic Arc and the Eurasian plate). During Pliocene-Pleistocene, uplift of the Hsueshan Range and the Western Foothill created by a series of the fold-thrust belt formed the foreland basin. Most importantly, high subsidence rate and high sedimentation rate are critical that glacio-eustasy (6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;-order) could be correlated to parasequences in Cholan Formation. It provides a precise age model to discuss different stages of foreland basin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Parasequences in Cholan Formation could be divided into three types of depositional systems including siliciclastic shallow marine (Type 1), margin marine (Type 2) and nonmarine (Type 3) that are a typical sequence of foreland basins. Type 1, which is tidal-dominated open coast, shows 10-30 m coarsening-upward succession. Type 2, which is tidal-dominated delta, shows two different parts. The lower part is 10-50 m coarsening-upward succession which unconformity contact with Type 1. The upper part changes to 20-50 m fining-upward succession. Type 3, which is alluvial system, shows 30-70 m fining-upward succession that is conformable with Type 2. From shallow marine to nonmarine, the thickness of parasequence is growing thicker that indicates long-term tectonic subsidence rate is getting higher with more sediment deposits in the basin. In more detail, in marine setting, sea level change is the main considered factor to identify sequence boundary (SB) and maximum flooding surface (MFS), while in nonmarine setting, precipitation change in glacial and inter-glacial may be a critical factor to impact the formation of SB. However, MFS is complicated to define because some parasequences show tidal signal, but some don&amp;#8217;t. It could be influenced by degree of sea level uplift or paleotopography. In Cholan Formation, the signal of sea level, tectonic and climate is sensitive to reflect in stratigraphy architecture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords: &lt;/strong&gt;Foreland basin, High-order sequence stratigraphy, Marine to nonmarine facies architecture&lt;/p&gt;