scholarly journals The evidence for the influence of musical compositions during pregnancy to the structure and functions of the offsprings’ brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Hermanto Tri Joewono
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Synapsin I ◽  
Brain Neuron ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Neuron Number ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Frequency Sequence ◽  
Structure And Functions

Objective: to compile studies in Surabaya on the effect of Mozart compositions during pregnancy on the number of the offsprings brain neuron, glia, BDNF, apoptotic neurons and, neuronal dendritic density. These series of studies aimed to develop environmental-enrichment model during pregnancy so we can have better brain for the next generation. Better brain means better capacity in processing information, solving the problems, and creating new solutions that depends on the number of neuron, glia, ratio glia/ neuron and synapses. We do believe in the motto of “From Neurons to Nation” Overview: There were 38 studies, in animal models except two in human subjects, all of them with control, prospective, and randomized. The first group consist of analyze the frequency, sequence, time, duration, gestational age, distant, and intensity of Mozart composition. The second group: try to analyze the mechanism and compare with variety of other compositions including other western music(Chopin, Beethoven, Blues, Jazz, Rock) and Indonesian music(Gamelan Jawa, Sunda, Bali, Pop, Religious). The third group: combine with nutrition, reverse sequence, involving cerebrum and cerebellum, and right-left hemisphere. There were no growth restricted, dead, and malformed offsprings in both groups. The BDNF expression, synapsin I expression, the number of neuron, number of  glia, and dendritic density of the exposed groups were higher than control. The neuronal apoptotic index were lower in the exposed groupsConclusions: Mozart compositions during pregnancy increased the BDNF, synapsin I,  number of neuron,  number of glia, dendritic density and, also decreased the neuronal apoptosis in offsprings’ brain

scholarly journals A systematic review of the neurobiological aspects of memory in the aging process

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-321
Author(s):  
Eduardo Moreira de Oliveira ◽  
Priscilla Tiemi Kissaki ◽  
Tiago Nascimento Ordonez ◽  
Thaís Bento Lima-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Normal Human

Abstract A systematic review of the neuroanatomical literature was performed to determine the neuropharmacological aspects most relevant to the study of memory processes. Articles were retrieved using the search terms "biology of memory", "memory and aging", "memory impairment", "elderly and memory," and their equivalents in Portuguese. Of the studies surveyed, five studies dealt with epidemiological and demographic issues, 12 were clinical trials i.e. were based on testing and implementation of instruments in human subjects, 33 studies were basic research involving studies of mice, rats and non-human primates, and biochemical and in vitro trials and finally, 52 studies were literature reviews or book chapters which in our view, fell into this category. Conclusions: The work sought to highlight which neural networks are most involved in processing information, as well as their location within brain regions and the way in which neurotransmitters interact with each other for the formation of these memories. Moreover, it was shown how memory changes during the normal human aging process, both positively and negatively, by analyzing the morphological alterations that occur in the brain of aging individuals.

scholarly journals Application of a dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) method for bioequivalence assessment of topical metronidazole creams

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 437-450
Author(s):  
Seeprarani Rath ◽  
Ashmita Ramanah ◽  
Charles Bon ◽  
Isadore Kanfer
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Tape Stripping ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Topical Metronidazole ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Bioequivalence Assessment

Purpose: The main aim of the current research was to develop and apply a dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) approach for the bioequivalence assessment of metronidazole (MTZ) topical cream products, indicated in the treatment of rosacea. Methods: A DPK methodology using tape stripping (TS) technique was developed by investigating the factors that may influence the TS results viz. tapes, dose durations, number of tapes to be used, pressure application, dose applied and gravimetric analysis of the tapes. An initial dose duration study was performed on 6 healthy participants to determine an appropriate application time duration using the Emax model. The SC thickness was normalised between participants using TEWL measurements. A pivotal study was conducted using both the arms of 10 healthy human participants to demonstrate the ability of the TS method for bioequivalence assessment by comparing the reference product to itself as a positive control and including products with higher and lower strengths of MTZ to serve as negative controls in order to confirm bioinequivalence. Results: Whereas the reference was found to be bioequivalent when compared to itself, the creams containing 0.56% and 0.95% MTZ (negative controls) were not bioequivalent (bioinequivalent). Furthermore, another product containing 0.75% MTZ was also assessed and was found to be bioequivalent to the reference product. In addition, the use of both forearms of each participant offered an important advantage of significantly reducing the number of human subjects required to demonstrate BE with a high statistical power of > 80%. Conclusion: The data obtained provides compelling evidence that the developed TS method has the potential to be a cost-effective surrogate alternative for lengthy and expensive clinical trials. Consequently, its application can facilitate faster development of generic products which would, in turn, lower the economic burden of healthcare.

Both increases in immature dentate neuron number and decreases of immobility time in the forced swim test occurred in parallel after environmental enrichment of mice

Neuroscience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Llorens-Martín ◽  
N. Rueda ◽  
C. Martínez-Cué ◽  
I. Torres-Alemán ◽  
J. Flórez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Neuron Number ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Immobility Time

scholarly journals RETA A TU MENTE, DESAFÍA A TU CEREBRO: COMPLEJIDAD AMBIENTAL Y SALUD CEREBRAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Rosa Redolat ◽  
Patricia Mesa Gresa
Keyword(s):  
Successful Aging ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
World Health ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Stress Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Enriched Environments ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract.According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that more than 30 million people suffer from Alzheimer’s disease in the world. Currently, there is great interest in developing strategies to counteract the cognitive decline that accompanies aging and, to a greater extent, neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the current study is to analyze the experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that interventions based on novelty and complexity are more effective in order to achieve successful aging. In animal models it has shown that enriched environments and performing voluntary exercise can improve performance in learning and memory tasks, decrease anxiety response and counteract the deleterious effects of stress. Studies in human subjects suggest that those activities that imply greater novelty and challenge for the brain (such as bilingualism or learning new tasks) as well as interventions based on physical exercise induce greater benefits on brain health. It is considered that this type of interventions and an active lifestyle can contribute to the cognitive reserve, promoting neuroplasticity in a positive direction. Since in human subjects is difficult to isolate the mechanisms that explain how the novelty or complexity of the environment can promote neuroplasticity, in this paper we report main results obtained in neuroscientific studies related to the changes induced at neurobiological and behavioral levels by exposure to enriched environments. Future studies using neuroimaging and other biomarkers could explain why those most challenging and novel tasks can induce adaptive changes in the brain.Keywords: Environmental enrichment- neuroplasticity- complexity- dementia- agingResumen.Según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se calcula que más de 30 millones de personas sufren Enfermedad de Alzheimer en el mundo. Actualmente existe gran interés en desarrollar estrategias que contribuyan a frenar el deterioro cognitivo que acompaña al envejecimiento y, en mayor medida, a las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la evidencia experimental que apoya la idea de que las intervenciones basadas en los factores de novedad y complejidad son más efectivas para conseguir un envejecimiento satisfactorio. En modelos animales se ha demostrado que tanto los ambientes enriquecidos como la realización de ejercicio físico voluntario mejoran el rendimiento en tareas de aprendizaje y memoria, disminuyen la respuesta de ansiedad y pueden contrarrestar los efectos deletéreos del estrés. Los estudios en sujetos humanos muestran que aquellas actividades que suponen mayor desafío y reto para el cerebro (como son el bilingüismo o el aprendizaje de tareas nuevas que impliquen desafío a nivel mental) así como las intervenciones basadas en el ejercicio físico son las que mayores beneficios proporcionan. Se considera que este tipo de intervenciones y un estilo de vida activo pueden contribuir a la reserva cognitiva y promover la neuroplasticidad en sentido positivo. Dado que en sujetos humanos resulta difícil aislar los mecanismos que explican cómo la novedad o complejidad del ambiente pueden favorecer la plasticidad a nivel cerebral, en el presente trabajo se describirán los principales resultados obtenidos en estudios neurocientíficos relacionados con los cambios que la exposición a ambientes enriquecidos induce a nivel neurobiológico y conductual. Son necesarios futuros estudios que utilicen técnicas de neuroimagen y otros biomarcadores que permitan explicar por qué aquellas tareas más desafiantes y novedosas pueden inducir modificaciones adaptativas en el cerebro.Palabras Clave: Ambientes enriquecidos-neuroplasticidad-complejidad-demencia-envejecimiento

Combination Therapy of Donepezil and Environmental Enrichment on Memory Deficits in Amyloid-Beta-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamileh Gholami ◽  
Sajad Sahab Negah ◽  
Arezoo Rajabian ◽  
Vahid Hajali
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Bdnf Expression

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is progressive neurodegeneration known as the most common cause of dementia, and it is the sixth leading cause of death in older people. Given the promising data on the additive effect of combination therapy with donepezil (Aricept), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI), and regarding the similar neuronal mechanisms through them donepezil and environmental enrichment (EE) exert their enhancing effects on cognition; we asked whether simultaneous treatment with two paradigms in amyloid-beta-induced AD rats may lead to greater cognitive improvements than either treatment individually. AD was induced by intrahippocampal injection of amyloid-beta (1-42, 6 µg), and donepezil was orally administrated (4 mg/kg) for 21 days. Environmental enrichment consisted of housing animals in large cages (50× 50× 50 cm) containing a running wheel and differently shaped objects for 21 days. Spatial learning and memory were assessed in the Morris water maze (MWM) and Real-time PCR was performed to assess the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (AchM1R) within the hippocampus. Spatial memory was impaired in AD animals, and while neither pretreatment with donepezil nor EE alone could significantly restore spatial memory scores in AD rats, combination therapy was effective. BDNF expression was suppressed in AD rats and pretreatment with donepezil plus EE could increase it to the saline levels. The data suggest that a cholinesterase inhibitor and cognitive stimulation can be used effectively in combination to improve cognitive loss in an AD rat model.

Environmental enrichment ameliorates a motor coordination deficit in a mouse model of Rett syndromeMecp2gene dosage effects and BDNF expression

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 3342-3350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Kondo ◽  
Laura J. Gray ◽  
Gregory J. Pelka ◽  
John Christodoulou ◽  
Patrick P. L. Tam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Dosage Effects

Can the effects of environmental enrichment modulate BDNF expression in hippocampal plasticity? A systematic review of animal studies

Synapse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. e22103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleska Barros ◽  
Mirian David ◽  
Ana Souza ◽  
Mariluce Silva ◽  
Rhowena Matos
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Hippocampal Plasticity

scholarly journals Role of Hypothalamic VGF in Energy Balance and Metabolic Adaption to Environmental Enrichment in Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant D. Foglesong ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Xianglan Liu ◽  
Andrew M. Slater ◽  
Jason Siu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Melanocortin Receptor ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Molecular Features

Abstract Environmental enrichment (EE), a housing condition providing complex physical, social, and cognitive stimulation, leads to improved metabolic health and resistance to diet-induced obesity and cancer. One underlying mechanism is the activation of the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte axis with hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as the key mediator. VGF, a peptide precursor particularly abundant in the hypothalamus, was up-regulated by EE. Overexpressing BDNF or acute injection of BDNF protein to the hypothalamus up-regulated VGF, whereas suppressing BDNF signaling down-regulated VGF expression. Moreover, hypothalamic VGF expression was regulated by leptin, melanocortin receptor agonist, and food deprivation mostly paralleled to BDNF expression. Recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of Cre recombinase to floxed VGF mice specifically decreased VGF expression in the hypothalamus. In contrast to the lean and hypermetabolic phenotype of homozygous germline VGF knockout mice, specific knockdown of hypothalamic VGF in male adult mice led to increased adiposity, decreased core body temperature, reduced energy expenditure, and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as disturbance of molecular features of brown and white adipose tissues without effects on food intake. However, VGF knockdown failed to block the EE-induced BDNF up-regulation or decrease of adiposity indicating a minor role of VGF in the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte axis. Taken together, our results suggest hypothalamic VGF responds to environmental demands and plays an important role in energy balance and glycemic control likely acting in the melanocortin pathway downstream of BDNF. (Endocrinology 157: 983-996, 2016)

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