Review of potential flow solutions for velocity and shape of long isolated bubbles in vertical pipes

The motion of elongated gas bubbles in vertical pipes has been studied extensively over the past century. A number of empirical and numerical correlations have emerged out of this curiosity; amongst them, analytical solutions have been proposed. A review of the major results and resolution methods based on a potential flow theory approach is presented in this article. The governing equations of a single elongated gas bubble rising in a stagnant or moving liquid are given in the potential flow formalism. Two different resolution methods (the power series method and the total derivative method) are studied in detail. The results (velocity and shape) are investigated with respect to the surface tension effect. The use of a new multi-objective solver coupled with the total derivative method improves the research of solutions and demonstrates its validity for determining the bubble velocity. This review aims to highlight the power of analytical tools, resolution methods and their associated limitations behind often well-known and wide-spread results in the literature.

Variable Slope Forecasting Methods and COVID-19 Risk

There are many real-world situations in which complex interacting forces are best described by a series of equations. Traditional regression approaches to these situations involve modeling and estimating each individual equation (producing estimates of “partial derivatives”) and then solving the entire system for reduced form relationships (“total derivatives”). We examine three estimation methods that produce “total derivative estimates” without having to model and estimate each separate equation. These methods produce a unique total derivative estimate for every observation, where the differences in these estimates are produced by omitted variables. A plot of these estimates over time shows how the estimated relationship has evolved over time due to omitted variables. A moving 95% confidence interval (constructed like a moving average) means that there is only a five percent chance that the next total derivative would lie outside that confidence interval if the recent variability of omitted variables does not increase. Simulations show that two of these methods produce much less error than ignoring the omitted variables problem does when the importance of omitted variables noticeably exceeds random error. In an example, the spread rate of COVID-19 is estimated for Brazil, Europe, South Africa, the UK, and the USA.

O(25, 25) symmetry of bosonic string theory at order $$\alpha '^2$$

It has been recently observed that the imposition of the O(1, 1) symmetry on the circle reduction of the classical effective action of string theory, can fix the effective action of the bosonic string theory at order $$\alpha '^2$$ α ′ 2 , up to an overall factor. In this paper, we use the cosmological reduction on the action and show that, up to one-dimensional field redefinitions and total derivative terms, it can be written in the O(25, 25)-invariant form proposed by Hohm and Zwiebach.

On perturbation range in the feedback synthesis problem for a chain of integrators system

The feedback synthesis problem for a chain of integrators system with continuous bounded unknown perturbation is considered. Our approach is based on the controllability function (CF) method proposed by V.I. Korobov. The perturbation range is determined by the negativity condition for the total derivative of the CF with respect to the perturbed system. The control that does not depend on perturbation under some restrictions and steers an arbitrary initial point from a neighborhood of the origin to the origin in a finite time (settling-time function) is constructed. The settling-time function depends on the perturbation, but it remains bounded from below and from above by the same value.

Minimal gauge invariant couplings at order $$\alpha '^3$$: NS–NS fields

Removing the field redefinitions, the Bianchi identities and the total derivative freedoms from the general form of gauge invariant NS–NS couplings at order $$\alpha '^3$$ α ′ 3 , we have found that the minimum number of independent couplings is 872. We find that there are schemes in which there is no term with structures $$R,\,R_{\mu \nu },\,\nabla _\mu H^{\mu \alpha \beta }$$ R , R μ ν , ∇ μ H μ α β , $$ \nabla _\mu \nabla ^\mu \Phi $$ ∇ μ ∇ μ Φ . In these schemes, there are sub-schemes in which, except one term, the couplings can have no term with more than two derivatives. In the sub-scheme that we have chosen, the 872 couplings appear in 55 different structures. We fix some of the parameters in type II supersting theory by its corresponding four-point functions. The coupling which has term with more than two derivatives is constraint to be zero by the four-point functions.

Curvature constraints in heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models

In this paper, we study a class of heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models. We show that the action can be written as a sum of BRST-exact and non-exact terms. The non-exact terms involve the pullback of the complexified Kähler form to the worldsheet and terms arising from the superpotential, which is a Grassmann-odd holomorphic function of the superfields. We then demonstrate that the action is invariant on-shell under supersymmetry transformations up to a total derivative. Finally, we extend the analysis to the case in which the superpotential is not holomorphic. In this case, we find that supersymmetry imposes a constraint which relates the nonholomorphic parameters of the superpotential to the Hermitian curvature. Various special cases of this constraint have previously been used to establish properties of Mathai-Quillen form analogues which arise in the corresponding heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models. There, it was claimed that supersymmetry imposes those constraints. Our goal in this paper is to support that claim. The analysis for the nonholomorphic case also reveals a constraint imposed by supersymmetry that we did not anticipate from studies of Mathai-Quillen form analogues.

Near horizon dynamics of three dimensional black holes

We perform the Hamiltonian reduction of three dimensional Einstein gravity with negative cosmological constant under constraints imposed by near horizon boundary conditions. The theory reduces to a Floreanini–Jackiw type scalar field theory on the horizon, where the scalar zero modes capture the global black hole charges. The near horizon Hamiltonian is a total derivative term, which explains the softness of all oscillator modes of the scalar field. We find also a (Korteweg–de Vries) hierarchy of modified boundary conditions that we use to lift the degeneracy of the soft hair excitations on the horizon.

Different Concepts of Derivatives

<p>In this paper, different concept of derivatives with some properties has been introduced. In differential calculus, the partial derivative, directional derivative and total derivative are studied. Their generalization for Banach spaces are the Gateaux differential and Freshet derivative.</p><p><strong>Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management,</strong> Vol.3, 2017, Page: 11-14</p>