Age Differences of Human Sphenoid Sinus Dimensions: a Comparative Study by Gross Anatomical Dissection and CT Scan Imaging

Introduction: The sphenoid sinus is a central skull cavity situated inside the sphenoid bone as a twin structure, separated by a complete bony septum. The aim of the study to measure the length, width, and height of human sphenoid sinus through dissection compared to CT scan images in different age groups of both genders. Methods: A prospective study of 360 human bodies including 110 dissected cadavers and 250 individuals with CT scan images during a period from January 2019 to February 2020. Results: In male cadavers, the mean value of length was (24.8±4.2) and (23.6±3.8) mm for right and left sides, while for females was (24.5±3.7) and (25.3±4.1) mm. Whereas, for CT cases were (25.4±3.1), (27.2±4.1), (21.3±4.2), and (24.4±3.8) mm respectively. Otherwise, the width was (15.8±3.2) and (19.2±4.5) mm for right and left sides in male cadavers; but for females was (18.2±3.8) and (22.7±3.7). In comparison to CT cases, were (19.6±4.1), (20.4±4.7), (17.3±5.2), and (19.2±5.6) mm respectively. In male cadavers, the height was (21.4±3.1) and (26.8±2.8) mm for right and left sides, while for females was (13.8±3.3) and (19.6±3.1) mm. Whereas, for CT cases were (16.7±2.5), (18.2±2.7), (14.6±2.9), and (15.8±3.3) mm respectively. Conclusion: Findings of both methods yield accurate anatomic sinus views, which may determine the age, gender, and race of alive or dead individuals.

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Hierarchical Zn-ZSM-5 Structures

Hierarchical Zn-ZSM-5 photocatalyst structures were synthesized via a hydrothermal one-pot synthesis route using a double template. Activated attapulgite (Si-ATP) and zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) precursors were used as silicon and zinc sources, respectively. The structural properties, morphology, photocatalytic activity and the texture properties of the synthesized Zn-ZSM-5 photocatalysts were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), diffracted ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrometry (DRUV–Vis) and N2 adsorption/desorption, respectively. It was found that the composites exhibit a typical MFI framework structure, a hexahedral twin structure and typical UV absorption peaks at 292 nm and 246 nm, when the Zn/Si mole ratio reaches its optimum value of 1:100. The hierarchical nanocrystals exhibit a similar Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (309 m2 g−1) and a high mesopore ratio (37.47%) as compared to commercial zeolites. Sub-nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) particles with small size moieties were implanted and isolated in the silica matrices of micro-mesoporous zeolite, which had a significant photocatalytic activity and reusability of degrading methylene blue (MB) dyeing wastewater. Using a 500 W mercury lamp with the wavelength range from 185–500nm operating during an illumination time of 30min, the concentration of MB decreases significantly in the presence of Zn-ZSM-5 photocatalyst leading to a 95.56% of degradation, where the ratio still remained at 94.32% after six times of reuse.

Epitaxial nanotwinned metals and alloys: synthesis-twin structure–property relations

Recent works of epitaxial nanotwinned metals and alloys with different stacking fault energies are reviewed to elaborate the relationship among synthesis conditions, intrinsic factors, twin structure and various properties.