Influence of a Catalyst in Obtaining a Post-Consumer Pet-Based Alkyd Resin That Meets Circular Economy Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Meireles Senra ◽  
Antônio E. F. A. da Silva ◽  
Leila Lea Yuan Visconte ◽  
Elen Beatriz Acordi Vasques Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Alkyd Resin ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Hydroxide ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Alcoholysis Reaction ◽  
Renewable Material ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Soybean Oil Alcoholysis

Abstract The paper studied the influence of a catalyst, comparing it with its traditional counterparts, in the process of obtaining a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based alkyd resin from post-consumer beverage bottles and how it consumes raw materials and generates waste. The resin was obtained in two phases: 1) glycerol and soybean oil alcoholysis reaction, a renewable material, for polyalcohol production, and 2) polyalcohol and polyacid esterification reaction to obtain the alkyd resin (reaction via solvent). A lithium octoate catalyst (OctLi) was used, not traditional in the alcoholysis reaction, and a fraction of the polyacid replaced by post-consumer PET at a proportion of up to 24% by weight in the esterification reaction. The OctLi catalyst caused a reaction in 30 min, compared to zinc acetate (120 min) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH, 60 min). Using post-consumer PET in obtaining the alkyd resin also decreased the esterification reaction time by 22% (8% PET), 67% (16% PET) and 72% (24% PET), compared to esterification without PET. The reaction time, considering alcoholysis with OctLi and partial esterification with PET (with 24% PET), was 180 min. Adding alcoholysis time with the LiOH catalyst and esterification without PET raises the reaction time to 600 min. Process water formed during the esterification stage declined by 15% (8% PET), 50% (16% PET) and 77% (24% PET), compared to the reaction without PET. The shorter reaction time resulted in less equipment use and consequent lower energy consumption. Another result was that the alkyd resin obtained with 8% PET was adequate for paint formulations.

Reduction of Free Fatty Acid in Low Free Fatty Acid of Mixed Crude Palm Oil (LMCPO): Optimization of Esterification Parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 1023 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Jarernporn Thawornprasert ◽  
Wiriya Duangsuwan ◽  
Krit Somnuk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Mixed Crude

The objective of this research was to study the optimum condition of esterified oil production from low free fatty acid of mixed crude palm oil (LMCPO) by using a response surface methodology (RSM) with esterification reaction in a batch mode. LMCPO obtained from a vacuum refining process of mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) to extract the partial FFA in oil which was used as a raw materials in a food production. Therefore, remaining FFA of 6.170 wt.% in LMCPO should be reduced to less than 1 wt.% by using esterification when required these oils to use as feedstock for producing biodiesel. After esterification process, FFA in esterified oil was studied to optimize the four independent variables of methanol (5-25 vol.%), sulfuric acid (0.5-4.5 vol.%), reaction time (5-65 min) and speed of stirrer (100-500 rpm). The results showed that the optimal condition of 25 vol.% methanol, 2 vol.% sulfuric acid, 500 rpm speed of stirrer, and 30 min reaction time at 60°C reaction temperature can decreased the FFA level to less than 0.212 wt.%. However, it was found out that the high consumptions of methanol and sulfuric acid required for reducing FFA to lowest value. Thus, the selected condition of 17.4% methanol, 1.6% sulfuric acid, 300 rpm speed of stirrer, and 35 min reaction time was chosen to save the chemical contents because this condition achieved to reduce FFA to acceptable level of 1 wt.%. For the actual experiment, FFA can be decreased to 0.212 wt.%, and 1.028 wt.% respectively. The yields of 96.67 wt.% for crude esterified oil and 94.22 wt.% for pure esterified oil were achieved based on LMCPO under the selected condition.

European experience in transition to circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
European Experience ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

scholarly journals Circular Bioeconomy Business Models to Overcome the Valley of Death. A Systematic Statistical Analysis of Studies and Projects in Emerging Bio-Based Technologies and Trends Linked to the SME Instrument Support

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1899
Author(s):  
Fabiana Gatto ◽  
Ilaria Re
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Valley Of Death

Reducing the environmental pressure along the products life cycle, increasing efficiency in the consumption of resources and use of renewable raw materials, and shifting the economic system toward a circular and a climate-neutral model represent the heart of the current macro-trends of the European Union (EU) policy agendas. The circular economy and bioeconomy concepts introduced in the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan and the Bioeconomy Strategy support innovation in rethinking economic systems focusing on market uptaking of greener solutions based on less-intensive resource consumption. In recent decades, industrial research has devoted enormous investments to demonstrate sustainable circular bio-based business models capable of overcoming the “Valley of Death” through alternative strategic orientations of “technological-push” and “market-pull”. The study highlights industrial research’s evolution on bio-based circular business model validation, trends, and topics with particular attention to the empowering capacity of start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to close the loops in renewable biological use and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The research methodology involves a bibliographic search based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach and the European Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator Data Hub investigation to understand SMEs’ key success factors and start-ups of the circular bioeconomy sector. Eco and bio-based materials, nutraceuticals, and microalgae represent the most sustainable industry applications, leading to circular bioeconomy business models’ future perspective.

scholarly journals Tenebrio molitor in the circular economy: a novel approach for plastic valorisation and PHA biological recovery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Sangiorgio ◽  
Alessandra Verardi ◽  
Salvatore Dimatteo ◽  
Anna Spagnoletta ◽  
Stefania Moliterni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
World Population ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Biological Recovery ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The One

AbstractThe increase in the world population leads to rising demand and consumption of plastic raw materials; only a small percentage of plastics is recovered and recycled, increasing the quantity of waste released into the environment and losing its economic value. The plastics represent a great opportunity in the circular perspective of their reuse and recycling. Research is moving, on the one hand, to implement sustainable systems for plastic waste management and on the other to find new non-fossil-based plastics such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). In this review, we focus our attention on Tenebrio molitor (TM) as a valuable solution for plastic biodegradation and biological recovery of new biopolymers (e.g. PHA) from plastic-producing microorganisms, exploiting its highly diversified gut microbiota. TM’s use for plastic pollution management is controversial. However, TM microbiota is recognised as a source of plastic-degrading microorganisms. TM-based plastic degradation is improved by co-feeding with food loss and waste as a dietary energy source, thus valorising these low-value substrates in a circular economy perspective. TM as a bioreactor is a valid alternative to traditional PHA recovery systems with the advantage of obtaining, in addition to highly pure PHA, protein biomass and rearing waste from which to produce fertilisers, chitin/chitosan, biochar and biodiesel. Finally, we describe the critical aspects of these TM-based approaches, mainly related to TM mass production, eventual food safety problems, possible release of microplastics and lack of dedicated legislation.

scholarly journals How Far Away Are World Economies from Circularity: Assessing the Capacity of Circular Economy Policy Packages in the Operation of Raw Materials and Industrial Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4394
Author(s):  
Margarita Ignatyeva ◽  
Vera Yurak ◽  
Alexey Dushin ◽  
Vladimir Strovsky ◽  
Sergey Zavyalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Degree Level ◽  
The Eu

Nowadays, circular economy (CE) is on the agenda, however, this concept of closed supply chains originated in the 1960s. The current growing quantity of studies in this area accounts for different discourses except the holistic one, which mixes both approaches—contextual and operating (contextual approach utilizes the thorough examination of the CE theory, stricture of the policy, etc.; the operating one uses any kind of statistical data)—to assess the capacity of circular economy regulatory policy packages (CERPP) in operating raw materials and industrial wastes. This article demonstrates new guidelines for assessing the degree level of capacity (DLC) of CERPPs in the operation of raw materials and industrial wastes by utilizing the apparatus of the fuzzy set theory. It scrupulously surveys current CERPPs in three regions: the EU overall, Finland and Russia; and assesses for eight regions—the EU overall, Finland, Russia, China, Greece, France, the Netherlands and South Korea—the DLC of CERPPs in operating raw materials and industrial wastes. The results show that EU is the best in CE policy and its CERPP is 3R. The following are South Korea and China with the same type of CERPP. Finland, France and the Netherlands have worse results than EU with the type of CERPP called “integrated waste management” because of the absence of a waste hierarchy (reduce, recover, recycle). Russia closes the list with the type of CERPP “basic waste management”.

scholarly journals Transition to Circular Economy in the Fertilizer Sector—Analysis of Recommended Directions and End-Users’ Perception of Waste-Based Products in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4312
Author(s):  
Marzena Smol
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
End Users ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sector Analysis ◽  
Art Analysis

Circular economy (CE) is an economic model, in which raw materials remain in circulation as long as possible and the generation of waste is minimized. In the fertilizer sector, waste rich in nutrients should be directed to agriculture purposes. This paper presents an analysis of recommended directions for the use of nutrient-rich waste in fertilizer sector and an evaluation of possible interest in this kind of fertilizer by a selected group of end-users (nurseries). The scope of research includes the state-of-the-art analysis on circular aspects and recommended directions in the CE implementation in the fertilizer sector (with focus on sewage-based waste), and survey analysis on the potential interest of nurseries in the use of waste-based fertilizers in Poland. There are more and more recommendations for the use of waste for agriculture purposes at European and national levels. The waste-based products have to meet certain requirements in order to put such products on the marker. Nurserymen are interested in contributing to the process of transformation towards the CE model in Poland; however, they are not fully convinced due to a lack of experience in the use of waste-based products and a lack of social acceptance and health risk in this regard. Further actions to build the social acceptance of waste-based fertilizers, and the education of end-users themselves in their application is required.

Study on the Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate Catalyzed by Strong Acidic Cation Exchange Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 2411-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lan ◽  
Li Hong Lan ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
An Ping Liao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cation Exchanger ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Isoamyl acetate was synthesized from isoamylol and glacial acetic acid with strong acidic cation exchanger as catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions such as acid-alcohol ratio, reaction time, catalyst dosage to esterification reaction have been investigated and the optimum reaction conditions can be concluded as: the molar ratio of acetic acid to isoamylol 0.8:1, reaction time 2h, 25 % of catalyst (quality of acetic acid as benchmark). The conversion rate can reach up to 75.46%. The catalytic ability didn’t reduce significantly after reusing 10 times and the results showed that the catalyst exhibited preferably catalytic activity and reusability.

Synthesis and Application of Itaconic Acid Water-Coke Slurry Dispersant

2017 ◽  
Vol 896 ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Yuan Yang ◽  
Zhuo Yue Meng ◽  
Zhi Hua Li ◽  
Si Tong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Itaconic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Powder Surface ◽  
Coke Powder

Polyethylene glycol (PEG-200) and itaconic acid (IA) were used as raw materials to compound macromer through esterification reaction. A new type of specialized water-coke slurry dispersant was synthesized by copolymerization of microware, sodium methallyl sulfonate (SMAS) and maleic anhydride (MA). The experiment showed that the concentration of slurry could be reached to 63% with the dosage of 0.2%, and the apparent viscosity was 1140.3 mPa∙s. Through the analysis of the infrared, the dispersant was confirmed to have polyethylene glycol branched chain and hydrophilic functional groups such as carboxyl or sulfonic group. When the concentration of dispersant was 30 g/L, the surface tension of water could be decreased from 72.70 mN/m to 45.50 mN/m. Furthermore, when the solution pH value was 9, the Zeta potential of semi-coke powder surface could also be decreased from-13.38 mV to-25 mV with the addition of dispersant. Thus, this dispersant could increase electronegativity of semi-coke powder surface, enhance steric-hindrance effect and prevent the phenomenon of powder flocculation and gather. Meantime, it also could reinforce the semi-coke hydrophilic by reducing the surface tension of water effectively. And then, the high performance water-coke slurry could be obtained.

Study on Synthesis of Ester of Citric Acid and Palmityl Alcohol

2014 ◽  
Vol 900 ◽  
pp. 361-364
Author(s):  
Xiao Hui Wang ◽  
Xi Hua Du ◽  
Li Min Dong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid

Esters of Citric acid and palmityl alcohol were synthesized by esterification reaction under catalysis of cation exchange resin and P-toluene sulfonic acid respectively. The effects of amount of catalyst, ratio of raw materials, reaction time and temperature on the synthesis reaction were investigated . The experimental results showed that optimum of process conditions were 1:1~1:1.5 molar ratio of citric acid and palmityl alcohol, reaction temperature of 130~140°C, reaction time of 2 h. Conversion of palmityl alcohol were all more than 90% under 0.3% dosage using p-toluene sulfonic acid as the catalyst, or 0.5% dosage using 721 cation exchange resin with sulfonic acid type as catalyst. The synthesized product had good surface activity.

scholarly journals Current Strategies for the Production of Sustainable Biopolymer Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2878
Author(s):  
Ehsan Bari ◽  
Asghar Sistani ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell ◽  
Antonio Pizzi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Akbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Short Life ◽  
The Core ◽  
Short Life Span ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Renewable Material ◽  
Global Population

Rapid global population growth has led to an exponential increase in the use of disposable materials with a short life span that accumulate in landfills. The use of non-biodegradable materials causes severe damage to the environment worldwide. Polymers derived from agricultural residues, wood, or other fiber crops are fully biodegradable, creating the potential to be part of a sustainable circular economy. Ideally, natural fibers, such as the extremely strong fibers from hemp, can be combined with matrix materials such as the core or hurd from hemp or kenaf to produce a completely renewable biomaterial. However, these materials cannot always meet all of the performance attributes required, necessitating the creation of blends of petroleum-based and renewable material-based composites. This article reviews composites made from natural and biodegradable polymers, as well as the challenges encountered in their production and use.

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