Just dancing with ideology? The role of dramaturgs within the socialist mode of children’s film development

The dramaturgs of the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft (DEFA), the GDR’s state-owned film production company, played a particular role in socialist children’s film culture. Within the production process, they acted as important mediators as well as developed themes and defended them before the state film censors. In this article, I argue that screenwriting for children and the changing role of the dramaturg were remarkable inasmuch as the creative collaboration between authors, dramaturgs and directors became a collective process of navigating between politics, education, film and the young audience that can reasonably be described as ‘collective authorship’. First, I will show how DEFA children’s film production was an example of the ‘state-socialist mode of children’s film production’ and examine Szczepanik’s model in the light of the current question. Following this, I will examine the structural and practical development of children’s film production in view of both official images of the child and the images of children anticipated by the filmmakers. At the same time, I will discuss the role of dramaturgs as participants in a collective authorship process.

Meteorological glossaries and dictionaries: A review of their history and current state

The transformation of meteorology into a modern science raised needs for collections of scientific term definitions (glossaries) and of foreign language equivalents (dictionaries). The Meteorological Glossary (United Kingdom) and the “Lexique météorologique” (France) were the only meteorological glossaries issued separately until World War II. In 1959, a dozen of such works existed, half of which were due to individuals and the other half due to collective efforts, including the comprehensive Glossary of Meteorology (USA) and the provisional version of International Meteorological Vocabulary. Collective authorship has been shown to be more efficient and generally prevailed in recent decades.Regarding dictionaries, the language in which the terms are sorted tells a lot about the purpose of a dictionary. In the 1930s, the British, French and German multilingual dictionaries were ordered alphabetically in their languages which suggests that the dictionaries were intended mainly for foreign scholars. Since World War II, bilingual dictionaries have originated in many countries, with the terms usually being ordered in foreign languages, which is more useful for domestic scholars. Dictionaries continued to be compiled subsequently because the International Meteorological Vocabulary remained limited to English, French, Russian and Spanish.Since 2000, some meteorological glossaries and dictionaries have obtained electronic versions because such versions enable them to be kept up-to-date and allow many practical functionalities, including full-text searches, links among terms and the thematic filtering of terms. While the diversity of meteorological glossaries will probably remain in the future, a truly international meteorological dictionary could be created by connecting national databases.

Terra Incognita : Degrowth, community and performance

We live in a world in which economic and personal growth is a prerequisite to being human. The alternative lies in what has yet to be explored. Confined by what we are told and know as the “good life”, we must make a choice; will we degrow on our own initiative or will we continue until the biosphere forces us to stop? This paper is written in support of the performance documentary, TERRA INCOGNITA and the formation/creative process of the Terra Incognita Collective (TIC). It will explore the environmental, social and psychological impacts of a growth-oriented culture through a degrowth lens. Furthermore, this paper will explore art as an access point to high consumption cultures and artists as important social actors within environmental and social justice movements. Terra Incognita, its audiences and artists, explore growth histories through embodiment and collective authorship.

Terra Incognita : Degrowth, community and performance

We live in a world in which economic and personal growth is a prerequisite to being human. The alternative lies in what has yet to be explored. Confined by what we are told and know as the “good life”, we must make a choice; will we degrow on our own initiative or will we continue until the biosphere forces us to stop? This paper is written in support of the performance documentary, TERRA INCOGNITA and the formation/creative process of the Terra Incognita Collective (TIC). It will explore the environmental, social and psychological impacts of a growth-oriented culture through a degrowth lens. Furthermore, this paper will explore art as an access point to high consumption cultures and artists as important social actors within environmental and social justice movements. Terra Incognita, its audiences and artists, explore growth histories through embodiment and collective authorship.

Book communications: Methodology of interdisciplinary research

The author argues that true understanding of book communications may be obtained through the application of research tools of various disciplines in the humanities. The evolution stages of scholarly views on the book phenomenon of social communications are reviewed. On each stage, researchers always turned to the other sciences’ methodologies. The author introduces her original interpretation of interdisciplinary studies of book communications. She emphasizes, however, that the central place in such studies belongs to the socio-communicative approach, where subject is examined within the context of communication. This non-linear and multilevel model covers both synchronous and diachronous cross-sections of communication, including the feedback. For the accurate representation at the diachronic level, both the historical-genetic and the cultural approaches have to be applied. The literary theory and in particular the concepts of receptive aesthetics, poststructuralism and hermeneutics have to be applied to obtain comprehensive understanding of the authorial and the readership roles in the structure of book communications. The information sciences and theories in postmodern philosophy would enable to understand the laws of book communications within the new information environment. Methodologically, it is important to use the works that investigate into the new communication environment phenomena such as the Internet, hypertext, online literature, and collective authorship.

FAN FICTION AS ALTERNATIVE MEDIA: MODERN COMMUNICATIVE PRACTICES

The modern directions of development of fan fiction as a media system that has acquired the characteristics of self-organization are actualized. Three stages of development of scientific views on the formation of the process of collective authorship are presented: from narrative criticism and isolation of media features of fandoms to comprehension of the facts of the reverse influence of fan fiction on culture and communication processes. On the example of the development of modern fan fiction space, the phenomena that express the communicative nature of the fan fiction community, as well as the network nature of its organization are proposed for analysis: creation of podcast systems; according to the logic of canonical blockbuster universes, the development of complex multi-story stories with the involvement of a large number of participants. The paradoxical phenomena that arise in this media system - the growth of original works not related to rethinking and implementing alternative lines of the canon, the emergence of the phenomenon of the passive spectator - are explained by the influence of general cultural trends and local national practices. Indirectly, the influence of fan-fiction activity is presented in various manifestations and trends: the phenomena of secondary and tertiary communication, the transformation of the fan into canonical texts for further fiction, the active departure of fans outside closed communities and the impact on modern cultural practices. Examples of the latter are illustrated by the use of fan fiction in writing scripts for series; creation of spin-products; taking into account fan thoughts when developing the plots of TV series and books. The prospects of communication research are motivated by the dynamics of growth of the object of study and the complexity of modern methods of analysis. The presence of contradictory tendencies and manifestations problematizes the finality and immutability of already established scientific approaches, forces to turn to technical approaches using big-date methods.

Should Lawyers Be Loyal To Clients, the Law, or Both?

Loyalty is a central ideal in both legal ethics and fiduciary law, but recent theoretical approaches to legal ethics also emphasize the connection between the legal profession and the rule of law or democratic self-government. In order for lawyers to perform the role of securing relationships of mutual respect among citizens of a political community, the requirement of single-minded, partisan loyalty to clients may need to be relaxed. Fidelity to law may be in tension with fidelity to clients. This paper considers Daniel Markovits’s strong conception of loyalty and his argument that it follows from necessary conditions for democratic legitimacy. Markovits contends that partisan advocacy is necessary to transform the attitudes of citizens in a way that causes them to internalize the community’s scheme of legal rights and duties as the product of collective authorship by all affected citizens. In that sense, citizens can be said to internalize the requirements of the community’s law. The paper then defends a more modest internalist approach to legal legitimacy and authority, in which giving a legal justification for some action necessarily means committing oneself to a practical stance toward the law that assumes one’s membership in a political community and accepts the community’s laws as reasons for action.

Padre Hipólito e Padre Albano: dois jeitos de ser igreja na telenovela Roque Santeiro (1985) / Father Hipólito and Father Albano: Two Ways of Being Church in the Soap Opera Roque Santeiro (1985)

Resumo: Este artigo intenta analisar, por meio de contrapontos, os sacerdotes católicos da novela Roque Santeiro, adaptação televisiva da peça O berço do herói, de Dias Gomes (1922-1999). A fim de subtrair-se à censura reinante no regime militar, o texto mencionado passou por modificações e situações outras que provocaram o surgimento de uma obra de autoria coletiva. Os presbíteros passaram a integrar uma nova trama, em que duas maneiras de ser Igreja se contrapõem: o viés tradicionalista e a visão baseada nos pressupostos da Teologia da Libertação. Padre Hipólito representa o catolicismo tradicionalista, já Padre Albano é partidário de uma Igreja mais engajada socialmente, por isso é chamado de “padre vermelho”. Por meio dessas personagens, a novela abordou, de forma geral, essas duas maneiras de vivenciar a fé católica.Palavras-chave: O berço do herói; telenovela Roque Santeiro; adaptação televisiva; Igreja Católica; Teologia da Libertação.Abstract: This article analyzes, through counterpoints, the Catholic priests of the soap opera Roque Santeiro, a television adaptation of the play O berço do herói, by Dias Gomes (1922-1999). In order to preserve itself from the prevailing censorship in the military regime, the aforementioned text went through changes and other situations that caused the emergence collective authorship piece of work. The priests started to integrate a new plot, where two ways of being Church are opposed: the traditionalist bias and the view based on the assumptions of Liberation Theology. Father Hipólito represents traditional Catholicism, while Father Albano is in favor of a more socially engaged Church, which results in Albano being called “red priest”. Through these characters, the soap opera covered, in general, these two ways of experiencing the Catholic faith.Keywords: O berço do herói; the soap opera Roque Santeiro; television adaptation; Catholic Church; Liberation Theology.