Abstract:
Shigellosis has become a serious threat to health in many developing countries due to the severe diarrhea it causes.
Shigella flexneri
2a (
S. flexneri
2a) is the principal species responsible for this endemic disease. Despite multiple attempts to design a vaccine against shigellosis, no effective vaccine has not yet been developed. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is both an essential virulence factor and an antigen protective against
Shigella
, due to its outer domain, termed O-polysaccharide antigen. In the present study,
S. flexneri
2a O-polysaccharide antigen was innovatively bio-synthesized in
Salmonella
and attached to core-lipid A via the ligase WaaL, with purified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) utilized as vaccine vectors. Here, we identified the expression of the heterologous O-antigen and have described the isolation, characterization, and immune protection efficiency of the OMV vaccine. Furthermore, the results of animal experiments indicated that immunization of mice with the OMV vaccine both intranasally and intraperitoneally induced significant specific anti-Shigella LPS antibodies in the serum, with a similar trend IgA levels from vaginal secretions and fluid from bronchopulmonary lavage. The OMV vaccine derived from both routes of administration provided significant protection against virulent
S. flexneri
2a infection, as judged by a serum bactericidal assay (SBA), opsonization assay, and challenge test. This vaccination strategy represents a novel and improved approach to control shigellosis by the combination of
Salmonella
glycosyl carrier lipid bioconjugation with OMVs.
Importance:
Shigella
, the cause of shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, is a major public health concern, especially for children in developing countries. An effective vaccine would control the spread of the disease to some extent. However, no licensed vaccine against
Shigella
infection in humans has so far been developed. The
Shigella
O-antigen polysaccharide is effective in stimulating the production of protective antibodies and so could represent a vaccine antigen candidate. Additionally, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been used as antigen delivery platforms due to their nanoscale properties and ease of antigen delivery to trigger an immune response. Therefore, the present study provides a new strategy for vaccine design, combining a glycoconjugated vaccine with OMVs. The design concept of this strategy is the expression of
Shigella
O-antigen via the LPS synthesis pathway in recombinant
Salmonella
, from which the OMV vaccine is then isolated. Based on these findings, we believe that the novel vaccine design strategy in which polysaccharide antigens are delivered via bacterial OMVs will be effective for the development and clinical application of an effective
Shigella
vaccine.