Pyrethroid insecticides susceptibility of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) and Stomoxys indicus Picard (Diptera: Muscidae) from cattle farms in southern Thailand

The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin), each at the recommended concentration, was evaluated for the two stable fly species Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) and Stomoxys indicus Picard, through tarsal contact using a World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedure. The field populations of stable flies were collected from three study sites (Songkhla, Phattalung and Satun provinces) in Thailand. The stable flies were exposed to insecticide-treated filter paper for 30 min and their knockdown counts at 30 min and 60 min and mortality counts at 12 hr and 24 hr were recorded. The S. calcitrans and S. indicus in Songkhla and Phattalung populations were moderately susceptible to pyrethroids for 24-hr mortality. Nonetheless, the Satun population of S. indicus was completely susceptible to permethrin with 100% mortality and the lowest susceptible to deltamethrin and bifenthrin. The results indicate a generally low susceptibility of stable flies to pyrethroids in the southern provinces of Thailand.

Download Full-text

Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)†

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.671 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 671-673 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

F. MRAMBA ◽

A. BROCE ◽

L. ZUREK

Keyword(s):

16S Rdna ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Animal Manure ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽

Stable Flies ◽

16S Rdna Pcr ◽

Glucose Agar

Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. Previously, it was suggested that stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. In our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16S rDNA PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in Kansas and Florida. Two stable flies (0.2%) were positive for E. sakazakii. In addition, 411 (44%) stable flies carried bacteria-forming red colonies (presumably enterics) on a violet red bile glucose agar (mean count = 6.4 × 104 CFU per fly), and 120 (13%) stable flies carried fecal coliforms (mean count = 8.7 × 103 CFU per fly). Sequencing of 16S rDNA showed that enterics from violet red bile glucose agar were represented by several genera, including Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Proteus, Serratia, and Morganella. Our study shows that stable flies carry bacteria typically present in animal manure (a developmental site of stable fly larvae), which indicates that the natural reservoir of E. sakazakii is the digestive tract or manure of domestic animals. The low prevalence of E. sakazakii associated with stable flies suggests that stable flies do not play a major role as a reservoir or vector of this pathogen.

Download Full-text

DENSITY ESTIMATES AND DAILY MORTALITY RATE EVALUATIONS OF STABLE FLY (STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)) POPULATIONS IN FIELD CAGES

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent107597-6 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 107 (6) ◽

pp. 597-600 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

G. C. LaBrecque ◽

Donald L. Bailey ◽

D. W. Meifert ◽

D. E. Weidhaas

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Late Summer ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Daily Mortality ◽

Density Estimates ◽

Stable Flies ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Gamma Irradiated

AbstractIn outdoor cage studies undertaken in the late summer of 1973, a method of estimating the absolute density of a stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) population was developed by correlating the average number of insects feeding or resting on a calf to the total number in the cage. Under the same cage conditions, where emigration, immigration, and to some extent, predation have been excluded, the daily mortality rate of normal stable flies marked with a fluorescent dye ranged from 25.3% to 27.3% dependent upon the sampling technique. Marker dyes have a deleterious effect on survival but surprisingly gamma irradiated flies succumbed at a lower rate than normal individuals.

Download Full-text

New records, a completed list and identification key of mites (Acari) associated with the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

Acarologia ◽

10.24349/acarologia/20194306 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 3-11

Author(s):

Jenő Kontschán ◽

Sándor Hornok

Keyword(s):

First Record ◽

Mite Species ◽

Identification Key ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Stable Flies ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Blood Sucking ◽

The Family ◽

Medical Importance

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) is a blood-sucking muscid fly species, with a worldwide distribution and high veterinary-medical importance. In this study, four mite species were collected from stable flies in Hungary. One mite species (Trichotrombidium muscarum (Riley, 1878)) from the family Microtrombidiidae was parasitic on the flies, collected in high numbers from their bodies. The other three species were found in small numbers on the flies, which they use only for transportation. The latter included the phoretic female of Pediculaster mesembrinae (Canestrini, 1881) (Acari: Siteroptidae), the phoretic deutonymph of the Halolaelaps sexclavatus (Oudemans, 1902) (Acari: Halolaelapidae) and Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese, 1904) (Acari: Macrochelidae). This is the first record of an association between the stable fly and two mite species (Trichotrombidium muscarum and Halolaelaps sexclavatus). A new, completed list and identification key of known stable fly associated mites are also provided.

Download Full-text

Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.18020/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Solomon Yared ◽

Araya Gebressielasie ◽

Lambodhar Damodaran ◽

Victoria Bonnell ◽

Karen Lopez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Anopheles Stephensi ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

World Health ◽

Malaria Vectors ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

Pirimiphos Methyl ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background: The movement of malaria vectors into new areas is a growing concern in the efforts to control malaria. The recent report of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia has raised the necessity to understand the insecticide resistance status of the vector in the region to better inform vector-based interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate insecticide resistance in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia using two approaches: 1) World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tests in An. stephensi and 2) genetic analysis of insecticide resistance genes in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from Kebridehar. Insecticide susceptibility of An. stephensi was tested with malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, Pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and DDT 4%, according to WHO standard protocols. Results: All An. stephensi samples were resistant to carbamates, with mortality rates 23% and 21% for bendiocarb and propoxur, respectively. Adult An. stephensi was also resistant to pyrethroid insecticides with mortality rates 67% for deltamethrin and 53% for permethrin. Resistance to DDT and malathion was detected in An. stephensi with mortality rates of 32% as well as An. stephensi was resistance to pirimiphos-methyl with mortality rates 14%. Analysis of the voltage gate sodium channel gene (vgsc) revealed the absence of kdr L1014 mutations. Conclusion: Overall, these findings support that An. stephensi is resistant to several classes of insecticides, most notably pyrethroids. However, the absence of the kdr L1014 gene may suggest non-target site resistance mechanisms. Continuous insecticide resistance monitoring should be carried out in the region to confirm the documented resistance and exploring mechanisms conferring resistance in An. stephensi in Ethiopia.

Download Full-text

Michael Elliott CBE. 30 September 1924 — 17 October 2007

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ◽

10.1098/rsbm.2016.0018 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 109-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Pickett

Keyword(s):

Food Production ◽

Insect Pests ◽

World Health ◽

Individual Contribution ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

New Class ◽

Structure Activity ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Global Food

Michael Elliott was the leader of work at Rothamsted that invented and subsequently commercially developed the pyrethroids, a new class of insecticides. Michael made probably the greatest individual contribution to the control of insect pests that not only constrain global food production but also affect the health of ourselves and our livestock. In one of the first pioneering structure–activity relationship studies, Michael led the multidisciplinary team that invented the major pyrethroid insecticides bioresmethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin. In the 1980s these represented two-thirds of the global pyrethroid market; at that time pyrethroids captured more than 25% of the total insecticide market and were used on 33 million hectares of crops (Wirtz et al . 2009). In 2002 deltamethrin was the world's largest-selling pyrethroid, with annual sales worth $208 million (information from Cropnosis Ltd). In terms of human health, in 2009 it was estimated that pyrethroid-treated bednets significantly decreased the number of deaths due to malaria among children under five years of age by about one-fifth as well as reducing all incidents of malaria, and in 2011 the World Health Organization recommended its vastly expanded use. Reference Wirtz, K., Bala, S., Amann, A. & Elbert, A. 2009 A promise extended—future roles of pyrethroids in agriculture. Bayer CropSci. J. 62 , 145–158.

Download Full-text

Can Attractive Sticky Traps Be Used to Protect Horses From the Bites of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toz134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 112 (5) ◽

pp. 2469-2473 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tracey L Tam ◽

Jerome Hogsette ◽

Saundra TenBroeck

Keyword(s):

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Sticky Traps ◽

University Of Florida ◽

Stable Flies ◽

Protective Ability ◽

Teaching Unit ◽

Fluorescent Dust ◽

The University ◽

Trap Placement

Abstract The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), is a bloodsucking ectoparasite that causes irritation and distress to livestock, wildlife, and humans. Both sexes are vicious blood-feeders that feed on a variety of animals. Optically attractive sticky traps have been used to capture stable flies, and some companies claim that sticky traps can protect animals from the bites of stable flies. To further investigate the protective ability of sticky traps, Home and Garden Mosquito (HGM) traps were selected for evaluations at the University of Florida Horse Teaching Unit (HTU). Broodmares coated with fluorescent dust were either tethered to a post in the center of a paddock or released untethered into a paddock. HGM sticky traps were placed at the four compass points and four selected distances from the paddock center to capture stable flies before (unmarked) or after (marked) they visited the horses. More than 40% of flies captured on traps placed closest to the horses were marked. This indicates that the traps did not prevent the flies from visiting the horses. A percentage of marked and unmarked stable flies showed signs of blood in their guts indicating recent feeding. For unknown reasons, the number of stable flies marked with Signal Green dust exceeded the numbers marked with other colors. Although the HGM traps caught ample numbers of stable flies, the traps did not prevent stable flies from feeding on the horses. More work is needed to determine optimal trap placement and densities required to maximize stable fly management with traps.

Download Full-text

Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale in stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) feeding on a tick-free bovine herd

Veterinaria México OA ◽

10.21753/vmoa.5.1.436 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carlos Ramón Bautista Garfias ◽

Tania Rodríguez ◽

Carmen Rojas ◽

José J. Lira ◽

Jesús A. Álvarez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nested Pcr ◽

Molecular Detection ◽

Anaplasma Marginale ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Stable Flies ◽

Clinical Cases

Data on the implication of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans, Diptera: Muscidae), in the transmission of Anaplasma marginale in tick-free cattle is scarce. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to detect the presence of DNA from A. marginale in stable flies caught near a bovine herd, which has been maintained free of ticks for 40 years, and occasionally presents some clinical cases of anaplasmosis. Twenty-four batches of S. calcitrans (15 flies each) were collected in the morning and in the afternoon twice a week (except for one catch in one week of September and one catch in one week of December) during 12 catching days in a period of four months. Their DNA was obtained and analysed by nested PCR (nPCR) to identify the presence of A. marginale DNA. Seven of the batches (29.16 %) were positive for A. marginale, as detected by an nPCR that targets the A. marginale msp5 gene. Similarly, in two out of 12 catching days (16.66 %), those S. calcitrans batches collected in the morning and in the afternoon, were positive for A. marginale, while those S. calcitrans groups collected in three out of 12 catching days (25 %), were positive for the rickettsia. The obtained results suggest that A. marginale transmission is carried out mechanically by S. calcitrans, favouring the circulation and maintenance of the microorganism in this particular bovine herd.

Download Full-text

SURVEY AND RELEASE OF PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING HOUSE AND STABLE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN DAIRY OPERATIONS

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent131743-6 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 131 (6) ◽

pp. 743-756 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Tanja McKay ◽

Terry D. Galloway

Keyword(s):

House Fly ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Nasonia Vitripennis ◽

Pupal Parasitoid ◽

House Flies ◽

Stable Flies ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

The Status ◽

No Releases

AbstractIn 1995, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a commercially available pupal parasitoid of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), was purchased to examine the status of wasps being sold to Manitoba producers. Percentage of pupae parasitized, numbers of parasitoids per pupa, total parasitoids, and parasitoid sex ratio were determined for each shipment of parasitoids received. To determine the extent to which these wasps could successfully parasitize house flies and stable flies, parasitoids were released weekly in four Manitoba dairy barns and levels of parasitism estimated. In 10 622 freeze-killed sentinel house fly pupae, 2.2% were parasitized throughout the season by N. vitripennis, and 5.8% were parasitized by eight other species of parasitoids. Of 11 897 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae, 0.6% were parasitized by N. vitripennis, and 3.4% by eight other species of parasitoids. In four barns where there were no releases of N. vitripennis, 1.1% of 11 779 sentinel pupae were parasitized by four species of parasitoids and 3.8% of 8384 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae were parasitized by nine species. The release of an estimated 3 648 093 N. vitripennis did not result in substantial parasitism in either sentinel pupae or naturally occurring pupae. In 1996, live sentinel house fly pupae (n = 50 842) and house fly and stable fly pupae occurring naturally (n = 4691) were collected in two of the nonrelease barns from the 1995 study to examine the activity of endemic parasitoids. Of the sentinel and naturally occurring pupae sampled, 4.0% and 9.4% were parasitized, respectively. Phygadeuon fumator Gravenhörst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant parasitoid, accounting for 97.4% and 79.9% of parasitoids collected from sentinel pupae and naturally occurring pupae, respectively. Other parasitoids included Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia subpunctata Först, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia nigra Latreille, and a species of Trichomalopsis Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

Download Full-text

Bio-efficacy and Wash-fastness of a Lamda-cyhalothrin Long-lasting Insecticide Treatment Kit (ICON® Maxx) Against Mosquitoes on Various Polymer Materials

10.21203/rs.3.rs-564533/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Tungu ◽

Wema Sudi ◽

Harparkash Kaur ◽

Stephen Magesa ◽

Mark Rowland

Keyword(s):

Malaria Prevention ◽

Home Treatment ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

World Health ◽

Insecticide Treated Nets ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

Wash Fastness ◽

Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽

Efficacy Criteria ◽

Health Organization

Abstract BackgroundLong-lasting efficacy of insecticide treated nets is a balance between adhesion, retention and migration of insecticide to the surface of netting fibres. ICON® Maxx is a twin-sachet ‘home-treatment kit’ of pyrethroid plus binding agent, recommended by the World Health Organization for long-lasting, wash-fast treatment of polyester nets. While knitted polyester netting is widely used, fine woven polyethylene netting is increasingly available and nets made of cotton and nylon are common in Africa and Asia. It is important to investigate whether ICON Maxx is able to fulfill the WHO criteria of long-lasting treatment on a range of domestic fabrics to widen the scope for malaria protection.Method This study was a controlled comparison of the bio-efficacy and wash-fastness of lambda-cyhalothrin CS, with or without binder, on nets made of cotton, polyethylene, nylon, dyed and undyed polyester. Evaluation compared an array of bioassays, WHO cone and cylinder, median time to knockdown and WHO tunnel tests using Anopheles mosquitoes. Chemical assay revealed further insight. ResultsICON Maxx treated polyethylene and polyester netting met the WHO cone and tunnel test bio-efficacy criteria for LLIN after 20 standardized washes. Although nylon and cotton netting failed to meet the WHO cone and cylinder criteria, both materials passed the WHO tunnel test criterion of 80% mortality after 20 washes. All materials treated with standard lambda-cyhalothrin CS without binder failed to meet any of the WHO bio-efficacy criteria within 5 washes. ConclusionThe bio-efficacy of ICON Maxx against mosquitoes on netting washed up to 20 times demonstrated wash durability on a range of synthetic polymer and natural fibres: polyester, polyethylene, nylon and cotton. This raises the prospect of making the insecticide-binder kit into an effective approach for turning untreated nets, curtains, military clothing, blankets - and tents and tarpaulins as used in disasters and humanitarian emergencies - into effective malaria prevention products. It may provide a solution to the problem of reduced LLIN coverage between campaigns by converting commercially sourced untreated nets into LLINs through community or home treatment. It may also open the door to binding of non-pyrethroid insecticides to nets and textiles for control of pyrethroid resistant vectors.

Download Full-text

Resistance of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), to cypermethrin in outbreak areas in Midwestern Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612019089 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 802-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Antonio Thadeu Medeiros de Barros ◽

Vinícius Duarte Rodrigues ◽

Paulo Henrique Duarte Cançado ◽

Luísa Nogueira Domingues

Keyword(s):

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

The State ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Stable Flies ◽

Resistance Factors ◽

Intensive Use ◽

Outbreak Areas ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

Abstract Population explosions of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) have become a serious concern for livestock producers near sugarcane mills in some regions of Brazil due to the insect’s massive reproduction on sugarcane byproducts and waste. Despite the limited efficiency of insecticides for controlling stable fly outbreaks, producers still rely on chemical control to mitigate the alarming infestations in affected areas. This study evaluated the susceptibility of S. calcitrans populations to cypermethrin in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Stable flies were tested from three field populations and two colonies, established from flies previously collected at sugarcane mills. Wild flies were collected with Nzi traps in areas of sugarcane plantations. Both wild and colonized flies were exposed to eleven concentrations of cypermethrin in impregnated filter paper bioassays. All the populations proved to be resistant to cypermethrin, with resistance factors among field populations ranging from 6.8 to 38.6. The intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of pyrethroid resistance in stable fly populations in the proximities of sugarcane mills in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

Download Full-text