ON THE ISSUE OF DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INTESTINAL ULTRASOUND IN FOREIGN BODY DETECTION

The method of ultrasound diagnostics in suspected for-eign intestinal body in small pets is discussed. This method is characterized by its noninvasiveness. The research goal was to reveal diagnostic significance of ultrasound exami-nation of the intestine in the presence of foreign bodies. The research objectives were as following: to study basic ultrasound characteristics of foreign bodies in the intestine of small domestic animals; to study the influence of antie-metic preparation based on maropitrate citrate on the in-formative value of the study. The research was carried out in the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the State Agricultural University of Northern Trans-Uralsand in the veterinary clinics of the City of Tyumen. Ultrasonic diagnos-tics was carried out in 73 cats and 38 dogs with suspected foreign intestinal bodies. The examination was carried out using linear, convex and microconvex transducers with different frequencies according to standard research meth-ods. Fifteen cats were given an antiemetic drug -maropi-tant citrate at a dose of 1 mg per 1 kg before the ultrasound examination. It has been found that ultrasound is an in-formative method of diagnosing linear foreign bodies; they collect the intestine in a corrugation and go as a linear hy-perechogenic formation. Solid foreign bodies give an echo-genic appearance which suggests their presence in the intestine. Other foreign bodies may be detected by indirect signs. The main indirect signs of obstruction on ultrasound examination include pendulous peristalsis, dilatation above the obstruction site, decreased peristalsis, and overflow of intestinal contents. When studying the peculiarity of ultra-sound examination when using maropitrate citrate, de-creased peristalsis was detected and subsequently poor recognition of pendulum-like movements which negatively affected the diagnostic value of the method.

Case Report on Encephalitis

Background: Encephalitis is type of brain inflammation caused by a virus, although it can also be caused by a bacterial or fungal infection or an autoimmune reaction. Encephalitis is a viral or inflammatory brain infection causes fever and headache as well as a low level of awareness, altered mental status (confusion, behavior abnormalities) localized neurologic impairments, and new onset seizure activity. Case Presentation: The case 7 year, old female patient who was alright one month back admitted in “A.V.B.R. Hospital, Wardha, on date 01/12/2020 with the chief complaint of high grade fever, headache, vomiting, irritability, and alteration of speech and generalized weakness. The patient had undergone various investigation complete blood count, urine analysis, kidney function test, liver function test, peripheral smear and virology test. Cerebrospinal fluid, electroencephalogram (EEG) Test, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test, in MRI report shows altered gyral signal intensity is right fronto-parietal lobe with edema with thickened overlying cortex with effacement of adjacent sulcal spaces features suggestive of viral encephalitis. The patient was treated with antipyretic, antibiotic, loop diuretic, steroid, antiemetic drug to treat vomiting. Monitor all vital signs, checked and recorded intake and output, administered medication as prescribed by doctors. Conclusion: The inflammation of the brain causes encephalitis, which is a rare but deadly disorder. It can be life -threatening and necessitates immediate hospitalization. Anyone can be harmed, but the very young and elderly are the most vulnerable.

Pharmacognostic screening and antiemetic evaluation of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Morinda lucida benth. (rubiaceae)

Emesis is a common side and adverse effect associated with many illnesses, even drugs. It is the act or process of vomiting. Causes vary from pregnancy, morning sickness, motion sickness, chemotherapy and so on. Emetics are drugs or substances that induce vomiting. Antiemetics are agents given to stop vomiting and to stop the nauseous feeling. Morinda lucida, Benth. family, Rubiacae. It is commonly known as brimstone tree. It is about 24m long, the branches are fibrous in nature and does not break easily, the tree bark is brown to grey, the leaves are green with green fruits. This project is focused on the pharmacognostic evaluation and antiemetic activities of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Morinda lucida. The plants were properly collected and identified by a taxonomist, then, air dried at room temperature, blended using an electric miller. The ethanol leaf extract of the plant was obtained using cold maceration, filtered and concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract was used for antiemetic evaluations, pharmacognostic and chromatographic (thin layer chromatography) evaluations. The LD50 was determined using Lorkes method. Pharmacognostic evaluation shows the presence of, lignin, cellulose, saponin, tannis, alkaloids flavonoids. The LD50 shows that there was no death recorded. The result of the research shows that the ethanol extract of Morinda lucida on 2 weeks old chickens exhibited antiemetic effect. It can therefore be concluded that the ethanol extract of Morinda lucida possess antiemetic activity as claimed and the result of these findings can be of great importance to the development of new antiemetic drug.

Study of Antiemetic Potential of Ruta graveolens Extracts by Copper Sulphate and Brassica campestris Induced Emesis in Chicks

The antiemetic effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of R. graveolens in young chicks was investigated. In addition, the phytochemical screening of the test plant and its acute toxicity studies were also conducted. Different doses of the extracts were tested for their antiemetic properties and were compared with the positive control antiemetic drug Chlorpromazine (150 mg/kg), Metoclopramide (50 mg/kg) and an untreated control (normal saline) against copper sulphate and Brassica-induced emesis. The phytochemical screening of R. graveolens showed that it contains certain alkaloids and flavonoids. It was found to be safe up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. The aqueous extracts in 50 and 150 mg/kg doses produced 41.49% and 66.49% inhibition of emesis, respectively by copper sulphate-induced emesis, while 34.66% and 57.95% inhibition of emesis, respectively by B. campestris-induced emesis. The methanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens in 50 and 150 mg/kg doses produced 46.80% and 70.20% inhibition of emesis, respectively by copper sulphate-induced emesis while 31.95% and 61.94%, respectively in Brassica campestris-induced chick emesis model. These results have suggested R. graveolens possess significant antiemetic properties that implicate its use as traditional medicine to treat emesis. However, further studies are needed to isolate the active principle(s) i.e. flavonoids contained in the plant drug tested and its real safety and efficacy as antiemetic agent.

Granisetron extended-release subcutaneous injection versus palonosetron infusion for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A cost analysis.

e24093 Background: Unscheduled hydrations (UHs) can significantly increase the cost of care in patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC or HEC). Granisetron extended-release subcutaneous injection (GERSC) is a unique formulation of granisetron for prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Limited data are available regarding the impact of GERSC on cost of UHs compared to other antiemetics. Objective: Assess costs of an UHs associated with breakthrough CINV following GERSC or palonosetron (PALO) for preventing CINV in patients receiving MEC or HEC. Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records from a single multicenter community-based practice involving patients receiving MEC or HEC with a 3-drug antiemetic regimen (neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and either GERSC or PALO). Cost of care analysis for GERSC and PALO was based on maximum per-unit Medicare reimbursement for UHs, rescue antiemetic drugs and administration, laboratory, and office evaluations. Results: 182 patient records (n = 91 GERSC; n = 91 PALO) were evaluated. A lower number of median UHs per-patient were observed following GERSC versus PALO (HEC, 3 vs 5) and (MEC, 2 vs 3). Mean cost of care related to UHs was significantly lower per-patient following GERSC ($296, n=91) versus palonosetron ($837, n=91) ( P < 0.0001), including when the subset analysis was restricted to those patients requiring hydration (Table).When analyzing individual components of care, hydration (CPT codes 96360 and 96361) costs per-patient receiving HEC or MEC were lower following GERSC ($62, n=91) versus PALO ($253, n=91) ( P < 0.0001). Lower per-patient costs were observed following GERSC in all components of care except rescue antiemetic drug costs in MEC patients. Conclusions: GERSC reduced total per-patient costs of care associated with UHs visit relative to PALO in patients receiving HEC or MEC.[Table: see text]

Development of Tropisetron Hydrochloride Orodispersible Tablet using Natural Superdisintigrants

The foremost objective of this research was to compare and evaluate natural super disintegrants with synthetic super disintegrants for the preparation of the orodispersible tablet. Tropisetron hydrochloride is widely used as an antiemetic drug, which is a potential drug candidate for developing an orodispersible tablet for quick onset of action. Various formulations were prepared using different concentrations (5%, 7.5%, and 10%) by direct compression method of natural super disintegrants (Banana power and Cassia tora powder) and synthetic super disintegrants (Croscarmellose sodium, Crospovidone, and Sodium starch glycolate). The compatibility studies between the drug and excipients were carried out using FTIR spectroscopy before tablet formulation. The pre-compression parameters were evaluated for additive properties. Standardization of banana powder was done by various parameters like extractive value, ash value, loss on drying, TLC identification test, etc. Post-compression parameters like hardness, weight variation, friability, thickness, the time required for disintegration, wetting time, the release of drug in-vitro, and in-vitro dispersion time of the tablets were evaluated. The disintegration time and in-vitro drug release of optimized formulation (F2) were found to be 4.66±1.15 secs and 99.25±0.15%. The optimized formulation (F2) was subjected to stability studies (40 C& 75 % RH) for one month. The results were shown that natural super disintegrants require less disintegration time as compared to synthetic super disintegrants. Hence present study reveals that the orodispersible tablets prepared using Banana powder and Cassia tora powder is super disintegrants that shown better appearance and rapid disintegration time.

Development and Characterization of Orally Dissolving Tablet of a Poorly Soluble Antiemetic Drug

The aim of present work is to prepare the orally dissolving tablets of poorly soluble Ondransetron Hydrochloride as its soluble form by adopting complexation method using different superdisintegrants alone and in combination. The growing importance of orally dissolving tablet was underlined recently when European Pharmacopoeia adopted the term “Oro dispersible tablet” as a tablet that to be placed in the mouth where it disperses rapidly before swallowing. Their characteristic advantages such as administration without water anywhere, anytime lead to their suitability to geriatric and paediatric patients. The complex prepared was showed better solubility in simulated salivary PH of 6.8. The pre compression characteristics of drug, drug with Beta cyclodextrin and final blend were evaluated with respect to standards. Results of the study showed that the optimized tablet with combination of superdisintegrants (2.5% crosspovidone, 3.5% sodium starch glycolate) showed hardness of 3.5Kg/Cm2, thickness 2.10mm, wetting time 18 sec, drug content 99.15%, disintegration time 20sec, in-vitro dispersion time 25sec, in-vitro drug release of 89.59% (in 3min) and percentage of drug permeation as 89.45% (in 5 min) and it is comparable with higher percentage of superdisintegrants used for tablet preparation. So this method was a promising approach for developing cost effective dosage form with high efficacy in treatment.