Impacts of Study Area Spatial Form on Co-location Quotient Analysis: Evidence From Medical Resources Distribution in Wuhan City

BackgroundThere is a sharp contradiction between supply and demand of medical resources in provincial capitals of China. Understanding the spatial patterns of medical resources and identifying their spatial association and heterogeneity is a prerequisite to ensuring limited resources are allocated fairly and optimally, which, along with improvements to urban residents’ quality of life, is a key aim of healthy city planning. MethodLocalised co-location quotient (LCLQ) analysis has been used successfully to measure directional spatial associations and heterogeneity between categorical point data. Using point of interest data and the LCLQ method, this paper presents the first analysis of spatial patterns and directional spatial associations between six medical resources across Wuhan city, and evaluates the impact of study area spatial form (considered as a new dimension of spatial scale) on spatial analysis. The unique morphology of Wuhan city, which is bisected by the Yangtze River, is used to assess the impacts on LCLQ analysis and the seeking behaviour of medical resources.ResultsThis paper demonstrated the impacts of the spatial form of a study area on the global and local values of LCLQ of local-level medical resources. When splitting the city into multiple data sets (e.g. regions A and B in this paper), the global and local LCLQ values for pharmacies, clinics and community hospitals changed signficantly in both regions after the spatial partition. The border areas between regions A and B were influenced most.ConclusionThis paper focused on the impacts of the unique spatial form of the study area created by large-scale natural barriers. we should not ignore the impacts of the unique spatial form of the study area created by large-scale natural barriers such as mountains, rivers or lakes. The findings highlight another form of multiscale analysis in urban GIS.

Monoklonal Antikorlar ve Tedavide Kullanımı

Immune system is the basic defense system that protects the body against disease causing pathogens. The immun system use the most effective mechanisms and protects body against foreign materials called antigen. The antigens encounter primarily natural barriers. The antigens that cross natural barriers encounter immune cells in organs such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. In the first stage, macrophages and phagocytes become active, and in the next stage, B and T lymphocytes are involved in the process. Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes form one of the most important defense mechanism in immune system. This importance of antibody molecules in the immun system has led to scientists work in the field. In 1975, Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein combined B lymphocytes from mice immunized with sheep red blood cells with the infinite growth of mouse myeloma cells to obtain monoclonal antibody-producing hybrid cells and paving the way for the development of therapeutic antibodies. This hybrid cells have ability to produce monoclonal antibodies just binding only to the desired antigen. Monoclonal antibodies have been used in many areas such as diagnosis, treatment and biochemical analysis of diseases worlwide. Nowadays, studies on monoclonal antibody-based treatment and treatment options are still ongoing. This review will focus on monoclonal antibodies and their uses in therapy.

Airway management in COVID-19: Time to start thinking outside the box?

Faced with limited time, severely constrained resources and a lack of manpower in the face of the overwhelming numbers in Xerxes’ invading Persian Army, the Greeks strategised to halt their foe using two natural barriers which restricted movement: the Straits of Atremisium, and the narrow pass at Thermopylae. King Leonidas of Sparta led 7 000 mettlesome troops to engage at the Hot Gates, preparing to face a force today believed to have exceeded 150 000 fighters. When told that the Persians were so multitudinous that each volley of their arrows would block out the sun, Herodotus writes that the plucky Spartan soldier, Dienekes, replied laconically: “In the shade, then, we will fight!” The Battle of Thermopylae is history interwoven with legend, but speaks of the power of strategic interventions applied at the right place, at the right time, by the right people, even in the face of overwhelming odds.

ANCIENT MAYAN RITUAL CAVE COMPLEXES AS MEMORY SPACE

The Mayan commemorative practices of the Classic Period (3d – 9 th centuries) committed for the purpose of on claiming the power le- gitimacy, territorial possessions and the establishment of political influence, are well known. A commemorative program, aimed at constructing historical memory, is characterized by the ostentation and periodic addressing to specific event, and by ritual accompaniment. In the article the author identifies one more commemorative practice that stands out of the listed – the hieroglyphic texts in Mayan caves. The caves are among the objects of the sacred landscape, which is common for all Mesoamerican cultures; it was and still is a place for the pilgrimage and worship. Many archaeological projects witnessed the elite and non-elite use of caves in the Late Classic and the Postclassic Periods. The hieroglyphic texts were applied in hard-to-reach areas of absolute darkness, where sunlight did not reach them due to natural barriers or artificial walls. Such texts were not intended to be broadly demonstrated. This article consid- ers the practice of hidden text application as a special type of the Maya com- memorative practice of the Сlassic Period.