scholarly journals Monoklonal Antikorlar ve Tedavide Kullanımı

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-530
Author(s):  
Muhammet Mükerrem Kaya ◽  
Hidayet Tutun
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hybrid Cells ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Natural Barriers

Immune system is the basic defense system that protects the body against disease causing pathogens. The immun system use the most effective mechanisms and protects body against foreign materials called antigen. The antigens encounter primarily natural barriers. The antigens that cross natural barriers encounter immune cells in organs such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. In the first stage, macrophages and phagocytes become active, and in the next stage, B and T lymphocytes are involved in the process. Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes form one of the most important defense mechanism in immune system. This importance of antibody molecules in the immun system has led to scientists work in the field. In 1975, Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein combined B lymphocytes from mice immunized with sheep red blood cells with the infinite growth of mouse myeloma cells to obtain monoclonal antibody-producing hybrid cells and paving the way for the development of therapeutic antibodies. This hybrid cells have ability to produce monoclonal antibodies just binding only to the desired antigen. Monoclonal antibodies have been used in many areas such as diagnosis, treatment and biochemical analysis of diseases worlwide. Nowadays, studies on monoclonal antibody-based treatment and treatment options are still ongoing. This review will focus on monoclonal antibodies and their uses in therapy.

The dynamics of cellular factors of the im-mune system of healthy minks, experimentally infected with eimeriidosis, under specific therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
Y. E. Kuznetsov ◽  
◽  
N.V. Kuznetsova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treat Ment ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Cellular Factors

The immune response in animals and hu-mans is a biological defense mechanism against negative environmental factors. The immune system is a complex of organs and cells of the body, that reacts (protects) against foreign objects-protozoas and hel-minths. The aim of the study was to investi-gate the dynamics of cellular factors of the immune system of healthy minks, experi-mentally invaded with eimeriidosis against the background of specific immunocorrec-tive therapy. To study the dynamics of T-lymphocytes in the blood of animals, being at the specific immunocorrective therapy, a single-center prospective blind randomized comparative study was conducted in parallel groups. At the initial stage of the study, 56 male minks were isolated from the general population. The first group of clinically healthy animals was the control group. From the second to the sixth groups, animals were spontaneously infected with eimerias and isospores. Animals from the third and fifth groups were treated with coccidiostatic "Stop-coccid". Mink of the 4th and 6th groups received the drug "Ametherm 5%". Minks in the 5th and 6th groups after treat-ment with coccidiostatic were adninistered an immunomodulatory drug of plant origin "Phytodoc-immunostim". The 7th group served as an additional control and received a placebo-water with starch. Thus, the analy-sis of the results of the clinical study showed that the use of specific and immunocorrec-tive therapy has a positive effect on the dy-namics of T-lymphocyte levels in the blood of animals with eimeriidosis. In group 3, where infected minks were treated with "Stop-coccid", the level of T-lymphocytes increased by 35.8% to 41.1%; in the 4th group (administered "Ametherm 5%") the level of T-lymphocytes rose from 35.2% to 42.3%; in the 5th group (administered “Stop-coccid” and immunomodulator) the level of T-lymphocytes changed from 36.5% to 43,0% in the 6-th experimental group (treated "Ametherm 5%" and immunomodu-lator) the level of T-lymphocyte growth from 38.6% to 43.9 per cent.

scholarly journals The Use of Rituximab in Immune-mediated Anaemia

2010 ◽  
Vol 00 (04) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Daan Dierickx ◽  
Len Verbeke ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Chimeric Mouse ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Haematological Disorders ◽  
Anti Cd20

Immune-mediated anaemia is a collective term describing the occurrence of anaemia due to an immune dysfunction, leading directly or indirectly to the destruction of red blood cells. In recent years, as knowledge of the immune system has progressed, these disorders have also become better understood and their management improved. Monoclonal antibodies have emerged as a powerful tool in the treatment of many different disorders, including both haematological and non-haematological disorders. Most experience has been obtained with the use of rituximab, a chimeric mouse/human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, showing high overall response rates with a relatively safe toxicity profile. Here we describe the currently available evidence on the use of rituximab in immune-mediated anaemia. We will also reflect on potential side effects that might hamper the initial enthusiasm for its use in these disorders.

A Bio-Inspired Concept for Information Security Modelling

2013 ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
O. S. Ogundele ◽  
B. K. Alese ◽  
O. O. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Information Security ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Secure Information ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
And Algebra

Bio-inspired models for information security were designed to demonstrate the performances by which biology achieves security. Existing research focuses on borrowing partial ideas from biological systems to resolve some facet of information security in a network environment, such as intrusion detection and fault tolerance. This work uses the bio-inspired concept of the body system to demonstrate an information security model that makes use of the immune system. The white blood cells (leucocytes) produce the antibodies (lymphocyte) that fight against all antigens (foreign materials) and kill them. The skin layer of the body contains keratin that prevents microorganisms from penetrating the body. The authors relate the processes in biological systems to information security using mechanisms of the immune system in molecular biology as the key paradigm. Theory of set and algebra were used to describe the relationship between the immune system and the information security model. A simple simulator was developed to demonstrate the operation of the designed bio-inspired model. Although the simulator was tested with assumed data, the work offered insight into how the immune system of biology can be adapted to design and implement a more secure information security system.

scholarly journals Therapeutic agents currently employed against Covid-19: an effort to control the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Matías-Pérez ◽  
Alma Dolores Pérez-Santiago ◽  
Marco Antonio Sánchez-Medina ◽  
Iván Antonio García-Montalvo
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Online Search ◽  
All Treatment

AbstractThe disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) is characterized by fever and cough, in addition to affecting the lower respiratory tract and being associated with age, comorbidities and a weakened immune system. Lymphopenias occur in severe cases and an excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, which would explain the role of the hyperinflammatory response in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In the absence of treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of the disease, so we have conducted an online search for all treatment options related to coronavirus infections, as well as some infections due to viruses, general treatments, specific coronavirus treatments and antiviral treatments should be useful in the fight against COVID-19, the therapeutic agents evaluated included chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, tocilizumab, ribavirin, interferons, nelfinavir, ivermectin, monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma.

scholarly journals KAJIAN TERHADAP KADAR IMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA) SERUM YANG DIINDUKSI OLAHRAGA PADA PAGI HARI Penelitian pada Rattus novergicus (Sprague Dawley)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivonny M. Sapulete
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Medium Intensity ◽  
Circardian Rhythm

Abstract: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a glycoprotein molecule which is produced by plasma cells. It functions as an antibody and the first line defender towards assorted pathogens that get into the body. Physical exercise is influenced by circardian rhythm. This circardian rhythm causes physiological changes in the body including the immune system. Doing physical exercise in the morning decreases the level of IgA serum due to the increase of cortisol hormone. IgA secretion is influenced by physical exercise which depends on the intensity, time of duration, and type of physical exercise. The physical exercise of medium intensity increases glutamine production due to glutaminase enzyme causing proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. These B lymphocytes secrete IgA resulting in the increase of immune system. However, the physical exercise of heavy intensity degrades the production of glutamine, therefore, lymphocyte proliferation decreases resulting in the decrease of IgA secretion. This decrease of IgA secretion is caused by the existence of stress, cortisol hormone, and oxidative stress. Conclusion: Regular physical exercise of medium intensity can prevent the decrease of IgA serum level in Rattus Novergicus (Sprague Dawley) rats in the morning.Keywords: physical exercise, IgAAbstrak: Imunoglobulin A (IgA) adalah molekul glikoprotein yang dihasilkan oleh sel plasma yang berfungsi sebagai antibodi dan garis pertahanan pertama terhadap berbagai macam patogen yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Olahraga dipengaruhi oleh irama sirkardian. Irama sirkardian ini menyebabkan perubahan dalam tubuh termasuk sistem kekebalan. Olahraga pada pagi hari menurunkan kadar IgA serum karena adanya peningkatan hormon korisol. Sekresi IgA dipengaruhi oleh olahraga yang tergantung dari intensitas, durasi dan jenis olahraga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kadar IgA setelah olahraga intensitas sedang dan berat. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental murni dengan pre post control group design. Sampel yang digunakan ialah 15 ekor Rattus novergicus (Sprague Dawley) berjenis kelamin jantan, usia 12 minggu, dan berat badan 200-300g. Sampel dibagi atas 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol (K1), kelompok olahraga intensitas sedang (K2), dan kelompok olahraga intensitas berat (K3). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan selisih kadar IgA (%) setelah olahraga terbesar pada K1 (-15,8±6,3), diikuti oleh K3 (-12,5±18,7), dan K2 (-2,2±26,2). Simpulan: Olahraga teratur intensitas sedang dapat mengurangi penurunan kadar IgA serum tikus Rattus novergicus (Sprague Dawley) pada pagi hari.Kata kunci: olahraga, IgA

A Bio-Inspired Concept for Information Security Modelling

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
O. S. Ogundele ◽  
B. K. Alese ◽  
O. O. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Information Security ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Secure Information ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
And Algebra

Bio-inspired models for information security were designed to demonstrate the performances by which biology achieves security. Existing research focuses on borrowing partial ideas from biological systems to resolve some facet of information security in a network environment, such as intrusion detection and fault tolerance. This work uses the bio-inspired concept of the body system to demonstrate an information security model that makes use of the immune system. The white blood cells (leucocytes) produce the antibodies (lymphocyte) that fight against all antigens (foreign materials) and kill them. The skin layer of the body contains keratin that prevents microorganisms from penetrating the body. The authors relate the processes in biological systems to information security using mechanisms of the immune system in molecular biology as the key paradigm. Theory of set and algebra were used to describe the relationship between the immune system and the information security model. A simple simulator was developed to demonstrate the operation of the designed bio-inspired model. Although the simulator was tested with assumed data, the work offered insight into how the immune system of biology can be adapted to design and implement a more secure information security system.

Role of Yoga for the prevention & management of COVID-19-A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1720-1724
Author(s):  
Anil Patange ◽  
Punam Sawarkar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Preventative Therapy ◽  
Standard Line ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Conceptual Study

The current outbreak of the COVID-19 has declared as a global health emergency. Moreover, COVID -19 mostly affects the persons having low immunity & mortality rate is also more in such persons. The standard line of treatment for this disease is not yet established. Considering the current need-based scenario, prevention of the disease by improving the immune system is the best & ultimate way to combat this dreadful situation. Therefore, various Yoga Practices useful for immunity building, described in Ayurvedic literature are compiled through this paper, which may become helpful to improve the strength of lungs as well as general immunity of the body. This conceptual study is narrated in a clear & tabular manner under heads of the concept of immunity in Ayurveda, the importance & advantages of Pranayam & Asanas  with Immuno-modulator effect of Yoga in COVID -19. All narration is given along with suitable discussion in contemporary science. Daily practices of Yoga play a crucial role in the improvement in the body defense mechanism by making comfortable & relaxed breathing with an increase in elastic recoiling of lungs but without increasing the respiratory rate. It also nourishes the specific organs by increasing the oxygen level in the blood. From that, it is reflected that these Yoga Practices can be used as supportive & preventative therapy for COVID -19 & can fulfill the above-said need.

Absence of pro-survival A1 has no impact on inflammatory cell survival in vivo during acute lung inflammation and peritonitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Herold ◽  
Lahiru Gangoda ◽  
Robyn Schenk ◽  
Sarah Best ◽  
Christina Nedeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Acute Lung Inflammation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Natural Defense

Abstract Inflammation is a natural defense mechanism of the body to protect against pathogens. It is induced by immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, which are rapidly recruited to the site of infection, mediating host defense. The processes for eliminating inflammatory cells after pathogen clearance are critical in preventing sustained inflammation which can cause diverse pathologies. During chronic inflammation, excessive and uncontrollable activity of the immune system can cause extensive tissue damage. New therapies aimed at preventing this over-activity of the immune system could have major clinical benefit. Here, we investigated the role of the pro-survival Bcl-2 family member A1 in the survival of inflammatory cells under normal and inflammatory conditions using murine models of lung and peritoneal inflammation. Despite the robust upregulation of A1 protein levels in wild-type cells upon induction of inflammation, the survival of inflammatory cells was not impacted in A1 deficient mice compared to wild-type controls. These findings indicate that A1 does not play a major role in immune cell homeostasis during inflammation and therefore does not constitute a therapeutic target for such morbidities.

scholarly journals Penyadaran Masyarakat Akademik tentang Peranan Herbal dalam Peningkatan Sistem Imun

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Diah Mustikasari ◽  
Andri Kurniawan ◽  
Pipit Rakhmawati
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infected Cells

The immune system is an integrated body defense mechanism to prevent, inhibit, and eliminate antigens and also to repair infected cells or tissues. The immune system, which is grouped into innate immunity and adaptive immunity, is a natural force in the body that can be optimized to maintain the existence of life. This activity aimed to increase the awareness of students as part of the academic community cluster regarding the role of herbs in enhancing the immune system (immunity). This activity was carried out through an online socialization and focus group discussion (FGD) involving students and alumnus from Bangka Belitung University. The result of this activity was an increased understanding of students and alumus related to the immune system, namely the types, roles, and defense mechanisms of the body both cellular and humoral as well as an understanding of the role of herbs in the immune system. The results of this discussion were expected to provide knowledge and increase awareness of the importance of the immune system in life.

scholarly journals Biomaterials-Based Modulation of the Immune System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin B. Gardner ◽  
Simon K. C. Lee ◽  
Elliot C. Woods ◽  
Abhinav P. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Molecular Signals

The immune system is traditionally considered from the perspective of defending against bacterial or viral infections. However, foreign materials like implants can also illicit immune responses. These immune responses are mediated by a large number of molecular signals, including cytokines, antibodies and reactive radical species, and cell types, including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells. Most often, these molecular signals lead to the generation of fibrous encapsulation of the biomaterials, thereby shielding the body from these biomaterials. In this review we will focus on two different types of biomaterials: those that actively modulate the immune response, as seen in antigen delivery vehicles for vaccines, and those that illicit relatively small immune response, which are important for implantable materials. The first serves to actively influence the immune response by co-opting certain immune pathways, while the second tries to mimic the properties of the host in an attempt to remain undetected by the immune system. As these are two very different end points, each type of biomaterial has been studied and developed separately and in recent years, many advances have been made in each respective area, which will be highlighted in this review.

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