Nursing Value Analysis and Risk Assessment of Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding Using Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Algorithm

Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) indicates an issue in the digestive system. Blood can be found in feces or vomiting; however, it is not always visible, even if it makes the stool appear darkish or muddy. The bleeding can range in harshness from light to severe and can be dangerous. It is advised that nursing value analysis and risk assessment of patients with GIB is essential, but existing risk assessment techniques function inconsistently. Machine learning (ML) has the potential to increase risk evaluation. For evaluating risk in patients with GIB, scoring techniques are ineffective; a machine learning method would help. As a result, we present а unique machine learning-based nursing value analysis and risk assessment framework in this research to construct a model to evaluate the risk of hospital-based interventions or mortality in individuals with GIB and make a comparison to that of other rating systems. Initially, the dataset is collected, and preprocessing is done. Feature extraction is done using local binary patterns (LBP). Classification is performed using a fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) classifier. For risk assessment and nursing value analysis, machine learning-based prediction using a multiagent reinforcement algorithm is employed. For improving the performance of the proposed system, we use spider monkey optimization (SMO) algorithm. The performance metrics like classification accuracy, area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC), area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and precision are analyzed and compared with the traditional approaches. In individuals with GIB, the suggested technique had a good–excellent prognostic efficacy, and it outperformed other traditional models.

Clifford Fuzzy Support Vector Machine for Regression and Its Application in Electric Load Forecasting of Energy System

Electric load forecasting is a prominent topic in energy research. Support vector regression (SVR) has extensively and successfully achieved good performance in electric load forecasting. Clifford support vector regression (CSVR) realizes multiple outputs by the Clifford geometric algebra which can be used in multistep forecasting of electric load. However, the effect of input is different from the forecasting value. Since the load forecasting value affects the energy reserve and distribution in the energy system, the accuracy is important in electric load forecasting. In this study, a fuzzy support vector machine is proposed based on geometric algebra named Clifford fuzzy support vector machine for regression (CFSVR). Through fuzzy membership, different input points have different contributions to deciding the optimal regression hyperplane. We evaluate the performance of the proposed CFSVR in fitting tasks on numerical simulation, UCI data set and signal data set, and forecasting tasks on electric load data set and NN3 data set. The result of the experiment indicates that Clifford fuzzy support vector machine for regression has better performance than CSVR and SVR of other algorithms which can improve the accuracy of electric load forecasting and achieve multistep forecasting.

Optimization of Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM) Performance by Distance-Based Similarity Measure Classification

This research aims to determine the maximum or minimum value of a Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM) Algorithm using the optimization function. SVM is considered as an effective method of data classification, as opposed to FSVM, which is less effective on large and complex data because of its sensitivity to outliers and noise. One of the techniques used to overcome this inefficiency is fuzzy logic with its ability to select the right membership function, which significantly affects the effectiveness of the FSVM algorithm performance. This research was carried out using the Gaussian membership function and the Distance-Based Similarity Measurement consisting of the Euclidean, Manhattan, Chebyshev, and Minkowsky distance methods. Subsequently, the optimization of the FSVM classification process was determined using four proposed FSVM models and normal SVM as comparison references. The results showed that the method tends to eliminate the impact of noise and enhance classification accuracy effectively. FSVM provides the best and highest accuracy value of 94% at a penalty parameter value of 1000 using the Chebyshev distance matrix. Furthermore, the model proposed will be compared to the performance evaluation model in preliminary studies (Xiao Kang et al., 2018). The result further showed that using FSVM with Chebyshev distance matrix and a Gaussian membership function provides a better performance evaluation value. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-04-02 Full Text: PDF

Multi-Layer Hybrid Fuzzy Classification Based on SVM and Improved PSO for Speech Emotion Recognition

Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) plays a significant role in the field of Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) with a wide range of applications. However, there are still some issues in practical application. One of the issues is the difference between emotional expression amongst various individuals, and another is that some indistinguishable emotions may reduce the stability of the SER system. In this paper, we propose a multi-layer hybrid fuzzy support vector machine (MLHF-SVM) model, which includes three layers: feature extraction layer, pre-classification layer, and classification layer. The MLHF-SVM model solves the above-mentioned issues by fuzzy c-means (FCM) based on identification information of human and multi-layer SVM classifiers, respectively. In addition, to overcome the weakness that FCM tends to fall into local minima, an improved natural exponential inertia weight particle swarm optimization (IEPSO) algorithm is proposed and integrated with fuzzy c-means for optimization. Moreover, in the feature extraction layer, non-personalized features and personalized features are combined to improve accuracy. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, all emotions in three popular datasets are used for simulation. The results show that this model can effectively improve the success rate of classification and the maximum value of a single emotion recognition rate is 97.67% on the EmoDB dataset.

The Application of Geographic Information Systems Cellular Automata Based Models to Land Use Change Modelling of Lagos, Nigeria

<p><b>The urban expansion of Lagos continues unabated and calls for urgent concern. This thesis explored the use of both the conventional and unconventional techniques for modelling land use change. Two conventional methods (ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression) were based on geographic information systems, while four unconventional methods (logistic regression, artificial neural networks, and two proposed types of support vector machine) were based on cellular automata. These techniques were evaluated using three land use epochs: 1963-1978, 1978-1984, and 1984-2000.</b></p> <p>The conventional methods make quite strong statistical assumptions, some of which are shown not to be met by the land use data at hand. Despite this, these methods do exhibit substantial agreement between observed and the predicted maps. The non cellular automata and cellular automata modelling were then implemented with the logistic regression, artificial neural network, support vector machine, and fuzzy support vector machine models, with model parameters set by k-fold cross-validation. The cellular automata predicted maps were more accurate than those of the non cellular automata.</p> <p>The cellular automata modelling results from the proposed support vector machine and fuzzy support vector machine were compared with those from the geographic information systems based geographically weighted regression, logistic regression, and artificial neural network. The results from the geographic information systems based geographically weighted regression were the best, followed by those from the support vector machine and fuzzy support vector machine, followed by the artificial neural network, and logistic regression. This research demonstrated that the proposed support vector machine and fuzzy support vector machine based cellular automata models are promising tools for land use change modelling.</p>

The Application of Geographic Information Systems Cellular Automata Based Models to Land Use Change Modelling of Lagos, Nigeria

<p><b>The urban expansion of Lagos continues unabated and calls for urgent concern. This thesis explored the use of both the conventional and unconventional techniques for modelling land use change. Two conventional methods (ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression) were based on geographic information systems, while four unconventional methods (logistic regression, artificial neural networks, and two proposed types of support vector machine) were based on cellular automata. These techniques were evaluated using three land use epochs: 1963-1978, 1978-1984, and 1984-2000.</b></p> <p>The conventional methods make quite strong statistical assumptions, some of which are shown not to be met by the land use data at hand. Despite this, these methods do exhibit substantial agreement between observed and the predicted maps. The non cellular automata and cellular automata modelling were then implemented with the logistic regression, artificial neural network, support vector machine, and fuzzy support vector machine models, with model parameters set by k-fold cross-validation. The cellular automata predicted maps were more accurate than those of the non cellular automata.</p> <p>The cellular automata modelling results from the proposed support vector machine and fuzzy support vector machine were compared with those from the geographic information systems based geographically weighted regression, logistic regression, and artificial neural network. The results from the geographic information systems based geographically weighted regression were the best, followed by those from the support vector machine and fuzzy support vector machine, followed by the artificial neural network, and logistic regression. This research demonstrated that the proposed support vector machine and fuzzy support vector machine based cellular automata models are promising tools for land use change modelling.</p>

The use of entropy based fuzzy membership on weighted logistic regression for the unbalanced data

Logistic regression is a popular and powerful classification method. The addition of ridge regularization and optimization using a combination of linear conjugate gradients and IRLS, called Truncated Regularized Iteratively Re-weighted Least Square (TR-IRLS), can outperform Support Vector Machine (SVM) in terms of processing speed, especially when applied to large data and have competitive accuracy. However, neither SVM nor TR-IRLS is good enough when applied to unbalanced data. Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM) is an SVM development for unbalanced data that adds fuzzy membership to each observation. The fuzzy membership makes the interest of each observation in the minority class higher than the majority class. Meanwhile, TR-IRLS developed into a Rare Event Weighted Logistic Regression (RE-WLR) by adding weight to logistic regression and bias correction. The weighting of the RE-WLR depends on the undersampling scheme. It allows an “information loss”. Between FSVM and RE-WLR has a similarity, the weight based only on class differences (minority or majority). Entropy Based Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (EFSVM) is a method used to accommodate the weaknesses of FSVM by considering the class certainty of class observations. As a result, EFSVM is able to improve SVM performance for unbalanced data, even beating FSVM. For this reason, we use EF on the TR-IRLS algorithm to classify large and unbalanced data, as a proposed method. This method is called Entropy-Based Fuzzy Weighted Logistic Regression (EF-WLR). This Research shows the review of EF-WLR for unbalanced data classification.

A Self-Representation-Based Fuzzy SVM Model for Predicting Vascular Calcification of Hemodialysis Patients

In end-stage renal disease (ESRD), vascular calcification risk factors are essential for the survival of hemodialysis patients. To effectively assess the level of vascular calcification, the machine learning algorithm can be used to predict the vascular calcification risk in ESRD patients. As the amount of collected data is unbalanced under different risk levels, it has an influence on the classification task. So, an effective fuzzy support vector machine based on self-representation (FSVM-SR) is proposed to predict vascular calcification risk in this work. In addition, our method is also compared with other conventional machine learning methods, and the results show that our method can better complete the classification task of the vascular calcification risk.