Operation Mechanism of Organic Electrochemical Transistors as Redox Chemical Transducers

The ability to control the charge density of organic mixed ionic electronic conductors (OMIECs) via reactions with redox-active analytes has enabled applications as electrochemical redox sensors. Their charge density-dependent conductivity...

How Protein Labeling Applying

In recent years, biosensing has played an irreplaceable position in scientific fields as well as our daily lives. A biosensor is an instrument that is sensitive to biological substances and converts its concentration into electrical signals for detection. It is an analysis tool or system composed of immobilized biologically sensitive materials as identification elements, appropriate physical and chemical transducers and signal amplification devices, and it has the functions of both a receiver and a converter. Pregnancy test sticks, blood glucose testing, etc. in life are all potential biosensors. The main point of this paper is to introduce several main techniques of biosensing for better understanding, like ELISA, fusion proteins, fluorescent probe and others. In the future, the bright future for them is also worth looking forward to if more researches and experiments can be processed in this area, for example, in the detection and treatment of cancer, medical technology can be further improved.

Biomacromolecular nanostructures-based interfacial engineering: from precise assembly to precision biosensing

Biosensors are a type of important biodevice that integrate biological recognition elements, such as enzyme, antibody and DNA, and physical or chemical transducers, which have revolutionized clinical diagnosis especially under the context of point-of-care tests. Since the performance of a biosensor depends largely on the bio–solid interface, design and engineering of the interface play a pivotal role in developing quality biosensors. Along this line, a number of strategies have been developed to improve the homogeneity of the interface or the precision in regulating the interactions between biomolecules and the interface. Especially, intense efforts have been devoted to controlling the surface chemistry, orientation of immobilization, molecular conformation and packing density of surface-confined biomolecular probes (proteins and nucleic acids). By finely tuning these surface properties, through either gene manipulation or self-assembly, one may reduce the heterogeneity of self-assembled monolayers, increase the accessibility of target molecules and decrease the binding energy barrier to realize high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we summarize recent progress in interfacial engineering of biosensors with particular focus on the use of protein and DNA nanostructures. These biomacromolecular nanostructures with atomistic precision lead to highly regulated interfacial assemblies at the nanoscale. We further describe the potential use of the high-performance biosensors for precision diagnostics.

Measurement and monitoring in anaesthesia

This chapter introduces some basic physical principles that contribute to the function of various monitors used in anaesthetic practice. Topics include biological signal processing, operational amplifiers, including single-ended amplifiers, and the benefit of patient-isolated differential amplifiers; it includes filtering, digital processing, and electrodes. The generic principles of transducers are introduced, including resistive, capacitive, and inductance strain gauges used in transducers, photoelectric, piezoelectric, and chemical transducers, calibration of transducers, and the significance of resonance and damping in measurement systems. Since both are widely used in monitoring systems, there is an introduction to spectroscopy and magnetism.