scholarly journals Vorsicht, Verwundung! Reizweiterleitung mit mechanosensitiven Proteinen

BIOspektrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-603
Author(s):  
Michael M. Wudick
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Membrane Depolarization ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Ion Fluxes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Wound Signaling ◽  
Electric Signals

AbstractBeing sessile, plants are exposed to adverse stresses, including wounding by insects. Albeit lacking experimental evidence, one hypothesis predicted involvement of hydro-electric signals in wound signaling. Now, we could show that the mechanosensitive anion channel MSL10 is necessary for wound-induced long-distance signaling in plants. By linking mechano-sensing, ion fluxes, membrane depolarization and electrical signal propagation, MSL10 might integrate hydraulic and electric wound signals.

scholarly journals Ether anesthetics prevents touch-induced trigger hair calcium-electrical signals excite the Venus flytrap

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soenke Scherzer ◽  
Shouguang Huang ◽  
Anda Iosip ◽  
Ines Fuchs ◽  
Ken Yokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Calcium Signal ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Venus Flytrap

Plants do not have neurons but operate transmembrane ion channels and can get electrical excited by physical and chemical clues. Among them the Venus flytrap is characterized by its peculiar hapto-electric signaling. When insects collide with trigger hairs emerging the trap inner surface, the mechanical stimulus within the mechanosensory organ is translated into a calcium signal and an action potential (AP). Here we asked how the Ca2+ wave and AP is initiated in the trigger hair and how it is feed into systemic trap calcium-electrical networks. When Dionaea muscipula trigger hairs matures and develop hapto-electric excitability the mechanosensitive anion channel DmMSL10/FLYC1 and voltage dependent SKOR type Shaker K+ channel are expressed in the sheering stress sensitive podium. The podium of the trigger hair is interface to the flytrap`s prey capture and processing networks. In the excitable state touch stimulation of the trigger hair evokes a rise in the podium Ca2+ first and before the calcium signal together with an action potential travel all over the trap surface. In search for podium ion channels and pumps mediating touch induced Ca2+ transients, we, in mature trigger hairs firing fast Ca2+ signals and APs, found OSCA1.7 and GLR3.6 type Ca2+ channels and ACA2/10 Ca2+ pumps specifically expressed in the podium. Like trigger hair stimulation, glutamate application to the trap directly evoked a propagating Ca2+ and electrical event. Given that anesthetics affect K+ channels and glutamate receptors in the animal system we exposed flytraps to an ether atmosphere. As result propagation of touch and glutamate induced Ca2+ and AP long-distance signaling got suppressed, while the trap completely recovered excitability when ether was replaced by fresh air. In line with ether targeting a calcium channel addressing a Ca2+ activated anion channel the AP amplitude declined before the electrical signal ceased completely. Ether in the mechanosensory organ did neither prevent the touch induction of a calcium signal nor this post stimulus decay. This finding indicates that ether prevents the touch activated, glr3.6 expressing base of the trigger hair to excite the capture organ.

scholarly journals Ether Anesthetics Obstructs Touch-Induced Trigger Hair Calcium-Electrical Signals Preventing Excitation of The Venus Flytrap

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sönke Scherzer ◽  
Shouguang Huang ◽  
Anda Iosip ◽  
Ines Fuchs ◽  
Ken Yokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Mechanical Stimulus ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Calcium Signal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Venus Flytrap ◽  
State Touch

Abstract Plants do not have neurons. Instead they operate transmembrane ion channels and can be electrically excited by physical and chemical clues. The Venus flytrap with its distinctive hapto-electric signaling is a prime example. When an insect collides with the trigger hairs emerging from the inner surface of the trap, the mechanical stimulus in the mechanosensory organ is translated into a calcium signal and an action potential (AP). Here we asked how a Ca 2+ wave and AP are initiated in the trigger hair and how these are fed into the systemic trap calcium-electric network. When the Dionaea muscipula trigger hair matures and develops hapto-electric excitability, the mechanosensitive anion channel DmMSL10 and voltage dependent SKOR type Shaker K + channel are expressed in the shear stress-sensitive podium, which interfaces with the flytrap’s prey capture and processing networks. In the excitable state, touch stimulation of the trigger hair first evokes a rise in the podium Ca 2+ , then the calcium signal together with an action potential, travel over the entire trap surface. Seeking the mechanisms that mediate touch-induced Ca 2+ transients in the mature trigger hairs, we show that OSCA1.7 and GLR3.6 type Ca 2+ channels and ACA2/10 Ca 2+ pumps are specifically expressed in the podium. In addition, we found that direct glutamate application to the trap evoked a propagating Ca 2+ and electrical event. Given that anesthetics affect K + channels and glutamate receptors in animal systems, we exposed flytraps to ether. An ether atmosphere suppressed the propagation of touch and glutamate-induced Ca 2+ and AP long-distance signaling, a response that was completely recovered when ether was replaced by fresh air. In line with ether targeting a calcium channel, so triggering a Ca 2+ activated anion channel, the AP amplitude declined before the electrical signal ceased completely. Ether in the mechanosensory organ neither prevented the touch induction of a calcium signal nor its post stimulus decay. This finding indicates that ether prevents the touch activated GLR3.6-expressing base of the trigger hair so exciting the capture organ.

scholarly journals A Theoretical Analysis of Relations between Pressure Changes along Xylem Vessels and Propagation of Variation Potential in Higher Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 372
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Sukhova ◽  
Elena Akinchits ◽  
Sergey V. Gudkov ◽  
Roman Y. Pishchalnikov ◽  
Vladimir Vodeneev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Initial Point ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Terminal Point ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Variation Potential ◽  
Damaged Zone ◽  
Pressure Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

Variation potential (VP) is an important long-distance electrical signal in higher plants that is induced by local damages, influences numerous physiological processes, and participates in plant adaptation to stressors. The transmission of increased hydraulic pressure through xylem vessels is the probable mechanism of VP propagation in plants; however, the rates of the pressure transmission and VP propagation can strongly vary. We analyzed this problem on the basis of a simple mathematical model of the pressure distribution along a xylem vessel, which was approximated by a tube with a pressure gradient. It is assumed that the VP is initiated if the integral over pressure is more than a threshold one, taking into account that the pressure is transiently increased in the initial point of the tube and is kept constant in the terminal point. It was shown that this simple model can well describe the parameters of VP propagation in higher plants, including the increase in time before VP initiation and the decrease in the rate of VP propagation with an increase in the distance from the zone of damage. Considering three types of the pressure dynamics, our model predicts that the velocity of VP propagation can be stimulated by an increase in the length of a plant shoot and also depends on pressure dynamics in the damaged zone. Our results theoretically support the hypothesis about the impact of pressure variations in xylem vessels on VP propagation.

scholarly journals Variation of Low-Frequency Time-Code Signal Field Strength during the Annular Solar Eclipse on 21 June 2020: Observation and Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1216
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Fan Zhao ◽  
Xinyu Luo ◽  
Luxi Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Time Code ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Annular Solar Eclipse ◽  
Signal Field

Due to the occlusion of the moon, an annular solar eclipse will have an effect on the ionosphere above the earth. The change of the ionosphere, for the low-frequency time-code signal that relies on it as a reflection medium for long-distance propagation, the signal field strength, and other parameters will also produce corresponding changes, which will affect the normal operation of the low-frequency time-code time service system. This paper selects the solar eclipse that occurred in China on 21 June 2020, and uses the existing measurement equipment to carry out experimental research on the low-frequency time-code signal. We measured and analyzed the signal field strength from 20 June 2020 to 23 June 2020, and combined solar activity data, ionospheric data, and geomagnetic data, and attempted to explore the reasons and rules of the change of signal parameters. The results showed that the field strength of the low-frequency time-code signal changed dramatically within a short time period, the max growth value can reach up to 17 dBμV/m and the variation trend yielded ‘three mutations’. This change in signal field strength is probably due to the occurrence of a solar eclipse that has an effect on the ionosphere. When the signal propagation conditions change, the signal strength will also change accordingly.

scholarly journals Neurite, a Finite Difference Large Scale Parallel Program for the Simulation of Electrical Signal Propagation in Neurites under Mechanical Loading

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e0116532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián A. García-Grajales ◽  
Gabriel Rucabado ◽  
Antonio García-Dopico ◽  
José-María Peña ◽  
Antoine Jérusalem
Keyword(s):  
Finite Difference ◽  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Parallel Program

A usage-based account of subextraction effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-750
Author(s):  
Rui P. Chaves ◽  
Adriana King
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Verb

Abstract The idea that conventionalized general knowledge – sometimes referred to as a frame – guides the perception and interpretation of the world around us has long permeated various branches of cognitive science, including psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence. In this paper we provide experimental evidence suggesting that frames also play a role in explaining certain long-distance dependency phenomena, as originally proposed by Deane (1991). We focus on a constraint that restricts the extraction of an NP from another NP, called subextraction, which Deane (1991) claims is ultimately a framing effect. In Experiment 1 we provide evidence showing that referents are extractable to the degree that they are deemed important for the proposition expressed by the utterance. This suggests that the world knowledge that the main verb evokes plays a key role in establishing which referents are extractable. In Experiment 2 we offer evidence suggesting that the acceptability of deep subextractions is correlated with the overall plausibility of the proposition, suggesting that complex structures can evoke complex frames as well, if sufficiently frequent and semantically coherent, and therefore more easily license deeper subextractions.

A Study of Characteristic Signal Propagation Buried Pipeline 2

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
Hisashi Oohira ◽  
Serikawa Seiichi
Keyword(s):  
Propagation Constant ◽  
Characteristic Impedance ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Fault Resistance ◽  
System A ◽  
Characteristic Signal ◽  
Heavy Construction

It was reported in the previous report that the propagation constant measuring system for long distance pipelines was produced based upon the distribution constant theory for the purpose of maintenance and management of long distance pipelines buried underground and to have a system to directly measure the propagation constants and characteristic impedance of the pipeline buried underground. This time, a simulator for the signal propagation of a pipeline, referring to these actual measurement values, was constructed and various signal modes were simulated. On the prediction of accidents where heavy-construction equipment, such as backhoe or boring machine, has contact with a pipeline and damages the coating of pipeline, the damage simulations with a backhoe and boring machine were performed and the fault resistances of these heavy-construction pieces of equipment at the time of accidents were identified. As a result, it was revealed that the fault resistance generated by the metal-to-metal contact caused by the boring machine, which damages pipeline the most, was approximately 20-50Ω when water was used, and that caused by the backhoe was approximately 100Ω. In order to verify the detectable property of this system, a simulation was performed to determine how each distributed constant changed when this degree of grounding faults occurred in the monitoring section of the pipeline, and validated it with an actual pipeline.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR VIBRATIONAL RESONANCE AND ENHANCED SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IN CHUA'S CIRCUIT

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1350189 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. JOTHIMURUGAN ◽  
K. THAMILMARAN ◽  
S. RAJASEKAR ◽  
M. A. F. SANJUÁN
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Chua’S Circuit ◽  
Vibrational Resonance ◽  
Frequency Signal ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Chua's Circuit ◽  
Wide Range

We consider a single Chua's circuit and a system of a unidirectionally coupled n-Chua's circuits driven by a biharmonic signal with two widely different frequencies ω and Ω, where Ω ≫ ω. We show experimental evidence for vibrational resonance in the single Chua's circuit and undamped signal propagation of a low-frequency signal in the system of n-coupled Chua's circuits where only the first circuit is driven by the biharmonic signal. In the single circuit, we illustrate the mechanism of vibrational resonance and the influence of the biharmonic signal parameters on the resonance. In the n(=75)-coupled Chua's circuits enhanced propagation of low-frequency signal is found to occur for a wide range of values of the amplitude of the high-frequency input signal and coupling parameter. The response amplitude of the ith circuit increases with i and attains a saturation. Moreover, the unidirectional coupling is found to act as a low-pass filter.

scholarly journals Electrical Signaling of Plants under Abiotic Stressors: Transmission of Stimulus-Specific Information

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10715
Author(s):  
Maxim Mudrilov ◽  
Maria Ladeynova ◽  
Marina Grinberg ◽  
Irina Balalaeva ◽  
Vladimir Vodeneev
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Systemic Response ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Variation Potential ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Electrical Signaling

Plants have developed complex systems of perception and signaling to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Electrical signaling is one of the most promising candidates for the regulatory mechanisms of the systemic functional response under the local action of various stimuli. Long-distance electrical signals of plants, such as action potential (AP), variation potential (VP), and systemic potential (SP), show specificities to types of inducing stimuli. The systemic response induced by a long-distance electrical signal, representing a change in the activity of a complex of molecular-physiological processes, includes a nonspecific component and a stimulus-specific component. This review discusses possible mechanisms for transmitting information about the nature of the stimulus and the formation of a specific systemic response with the participation of electrical signals induced by various abiotic factors.

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