Flower Color as Predictor for Nectar Reward Quantity in an Alpine Flower Community

Entomophilous plants have evolved colorful floral displays to attract flower visitors to achieve pollination. Although many insects possess innate preferences for certain colors, the underlying proximate and ultimate causes for this behavior are still not well understood. It has been hypothesized that the floral rewards, e.g., sugar content, of plants belonging to a particular color category correlate with the preference of the flower visitors. However, this hypothesis has been tested only for a subset of plant communities worldwide. Bumble bees are the most important pollinators in alpine environments and show a strong innate preference for (bee) “UV-blue” and “blue” colors. We surveyed plants visited by bumble bees in the subalpine and alpine zones (>1,400 m a.s.l.) of the Austrian Alps and measured nectar reward and spectral reflectance of the flowers. We found that the majority of the 105 plant samples visited by bumble bees fall into the color categories “blue” and “blue-green” of a bee-specific color space. Our study shows that color category is only a weak indicator for nectar reward quantity; and due to the high reward variance within and between categories, we do not consider floral color as a reliable signal for bumble bees in the surveyed habitat. Nevertheless, since mean floral reward quantity differs between categories, naïve bumble bees may benefit from visiting flowers that fall into the innately preferred color category during their first foraging flights.

Interactions Between Visual Working Memory, Attention, and Color Categories: a Pupillometry Study

Recent studies have found that visual working memory (VWM) for color shows a categorical bias: observers typically remember colors as more prototypical to the category they belong to than they actually are. Here, we further examine color-category effects on VWM using pupillometry. Participants remembered a color for later reproduction on a color wheel. During the retention interval, a colored probe was presented, and we measured the pupil constriction in response to this probe, assuming that the strength of constriction reflects the visual saliency of the probe. We found that the pupil initially constricted most strongly for non-matching colors that were maximally different from the memorized color; this likely reflects a lack of visual adaptation for these colors, which renders them more salient than memory-matching colors (shown before). Strikingly, this effect reversed later in time, such that pupil constriction was more prolonged for memory-matching colors as compared to non-matching colors; this likely reflects that memory-matching colors capture attention more strongly, and perhaps for a longer time, than non-matching colors do. We found no effects of color categories on pupil constriction: after controlling for color distance, (non-matching) colors from the same category as the memory color did not result in a different pupil response as compared to colors from a different category; however, we did find that behavioral responses were biased by color categories. In summary, we found that pupil constriction to colored probes reflects both visual adaptation and VWM content, but, unlike behavioral measures, is not notably affected by color categories.

COLOR DESIGNATIONS IN THE CHUVASH AND CHINESE LANGUAGES: ON THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY

Статья посвящена вопросам изучения цветообозначений в чувашском и китайском языках. Цель работы - рассмотреть и систематизировать накопленный в изучении чувашских и китайских цветообозначений опыт. Основой для исследования послужили научные работы по данной теме. Выявлено, что сохраняется устойчивый интерес лингвистов к изучению цвета в самых различных аспектах и направлениях.Актуальность исследования определяется пристальным вниманием к изучению взаимодействия языка, культуры и этноса, где семантическое поле цветообозначения рассматривается как компонент культурного кода. В чувашском языкознании лексика цветообозначений пока не получила должного освещения. Встречаются работы фрагментарного характера, в которых затрагиваются вопросы этноспецифических особенностей символики цвета. Категория цвета в китайском языке широко исследовалась как зарубежными, так и отечественными языковедами.На основе сопоставительного обзора научных работ автор приходит к выводу, что в чувашском и китайском языках исследователи уделяют внимание изучению семантических особенностей слов-цветообозначений, их употреблению в художественных произведениях, анализу в аспекте языковой картины мира, в частности на примере фразеологических и паремиологических единиц. Предпочтение отдается сопоставительным исследованиям цветообозначений в основном с русским и английским языками. This article is devoted to the color designations in the Chuvash and Chinese languages. The purpose of the work is to consider and systematize the accumulated experience in the study of the Chuvash and Chinese color designations. The study is based on the research works devoted to the subject under consideration. It was revealed that linguists are still interested in the study of color in various aspects and focus areas .The relevance of the work is determined by a very close attention to the study of the interaction of language, culture and ethnicity, which semantic field of color designation is considered as a component of the cultural code. In Chuvash linguistics , the vocabulary of color designations has not been studied properly yet.. There are some works of a fragmentary nature, in which the issues of ethnic specific features of color symbolism are raised. However, the color category in the Chinese language has been widely studied by both foreign and domestic linguists.Based on the comparative review of scientific works, the author comes to the conclusion that in the Chuvash and Chinese languages, researchers pay attention to the study of the semantic features of words of color designations, their use in literary works, analysis in the aspect of the world linguistic picture, in particular, exemplified by phraseological and paremiological units. The preference is given to comparative studies of color designations mainly in the Russian and English languages.

Etymology of the Color in Linguistics

The article deals with the concept of color in linguistic. There are opinions of scientists who analyzed the concept “shade”. The color must be seen from different points. The article presents the history of the color’s learning. There are some scientists’ points from the different countries. Linguists have opinion that the color in different languages may have the same meaning. There were many scientific experiments, which showed that the color can be a fixed lexeme and can have an alternative equivalent. Other linguists say that the color in different languages cannot have common features. The article emphasizes the need to focus on linguistic and cultural nuances. The color can reflect the culture of the country, man’s mental world. Some linguists underline that the color category is various. The article describes that the visual reception of people consists of the ability to recognize the color. It is impossible to say, what area of men’s interests can be without color. Particular attention is paid to the etymology of colors in the examples. There are many colors, which are very important in the German language.

[Pre-Print] Evaluating Recall Error in Preschoolers: Category Expectations Influence Episodic Memory for Color

Despite limited memory capacity, children are exceptional learners. How might children engage in meaningful learning despite limited memory systems? Past research suggests that adults integrate category knowledge and noisy episodic traces to aid recall when episodic memory is noisy or incomplete (e.g. Hemmer & Steyvers, 2009). We suspect children utilize a similar process but integrate category and episodic traces in recall to a different degree. Here we conduct two experiments to empirically assess children’s color category knowledge (Study 1) and recall of target hue values (Study 2). In Study 1, although children’s generated hue values appear to be noisier than adults, we found no significant difference between children and adult’s generated color category means (prototypes), suggesting that preschool-aged children’s color categories are well established. In Study 2, we found that children’s (like adult’s) free recall of target hue values regressed towards color category means. We implemented three probabilistic memory models: one that combines category knowledge and specific target information (Integrative), a category only (Noisy Prototype) model, and a target only (Noisy Target) model to computationally evaluate recall performance. Consistent with previous studies with older children (Duffy, Huttenlocher, & Crawford, 2006), quantitative fits of the models to aggregate group-level data provided strong support for the Integrative process. However, at the individual subject level, a greater proportion of preschoolers’ recall was better fit by a Prototype only model. Our results provide evidence that the integration of category knowledge in episodic memory comes online early and strongly. Implications for how the greater reliance on category knowledge by preschoolers relative to adults might track with developmental shifts in relational episodic memory are discussed.

Pengaruh Formulasi Kadar Protein dan Kalsium pada MP-ASI Kacang Tunggak dan Beras Merah terhadap Uji Organoleptik pada Ibu Bayi dan Uji Daya Terima pada Bayi

Background: The prevalence of stunting toddlers in Indonesia is still high. The causes of stunting include the low nutritional value of food consumed by infants. Foods that are rich in nutrients include cowpea and brown rice. Objective: to determine the acceptability and protein and calcium content of porridge with the addition of cowpea and rice through organoleptic testing. Method: this type ofresearch is quasi-experimental. Data collection through organoleptic test on the baby’s mother and acceptance test in baby. Addition of cowpea and brown rice are X1 cowpea 100% brown rice 50% and X2 cowpea 50% and brown rice 100% Analysis of organoleptic test data on porridge using Mann Whitney. Results: Statistical test results showed that the use of cowpea and brown rice affected the color of the porridge (p=0.00) and the taste of the porridge (p=0.04). The use of cowpea and brown rice had no effect on the aroma of porridge (p=0.06), texture (p=0.93) and preference level (p=0.94). Results acceptance porridge with formula X2 more acceptable than X1 because have a higher average and less limp. The highest content of pro-tein and calcium in porridge at X1 is 3.29% and 70.40 mg / kg. Conclusion: the use of cowpea and brown rice in MP-ASI baby porridge affected the organoleptic test results in the color category, and he taste of the porridge.Keywords: cowpea, brown rice, weaning food

PERBEDAAN HASIL PENCELUPAN BAHAN LINEN DAN KATUN PADA ZAT WARNA ALAM EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma Cacao L.) DENGAN MORDAN AIR KELAPA

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan nama warna, gelap terang warna dan kerataan warna pada bahan linen dan katun menggunakan ekstrak kulit buah kakao dengan mordan air kelapa. Penelitian ini penelitian eksperimen. Hasil nama warna pada pencelupan bahan linen tanpa mordan menghasilkan nama warna Amaranth Pink , warna sangat terang dan kerataaan kategori rata, nama warna pada pencelupan bahan katun tanpa mordan menghasilkan nama warna Salmon Pink Darke, warna cukup terang dan kerataaan kategori cukup rata, nama warna pada pencelupan bahan linen menggunakan mordan air kelapa menghasilkan nama Clam Shell Pink, warna kategori terang dan kerataaan kategori rata, nama warna pada pencelupan bahan katun menggunakan mordan air kelapa menghasilkan nama Warm Brown warna kategori cukup terang dan kerataaan warna kategori cukup rata. Kata Kunci: kulit buah kakao, air kelapa.AbstractThis study aim of this research is to reveal the color, dark color of the color and color of the linen and cotton materials using cocoa fruit extract with coconut water mordan. This research is experimental research. The name of the color name on dyeing of mordant linen makes the color name of Amaranth Pink , a very bright color and a flat category, the color name of dyeing cotton without mordant yields the color name of Salmon Pink Darke, fairly bright colors and fairly flat category, the color name of the dyeing of linen material using mordan coconut water produces the name Clam Shell Pink, the category of bright category and flat category, the name of the color on the dyeing of cotton using mordan coconut water categories are quite bright and the color category is fairly flat. Keywords: cocoa fruit skin, coconut water.