Tracking Eye Movements during Spontaneous and Directed Refreshing

There is a growing interest in specifying the mechanisms underlying refreshing, i.e., the use of attention to keep working memory (WM) contents accessible. Here, we examined whether participants’ visual fixations during the retention interval of a WM task indicate the current focus of internal attention, thereby serving as an online measure of refreshing. Eye movements were recorded while participants studied and maintained an array of colored dots followed by probed recall of one (Experiments 1A and 1B) or all (Experiment 2) of the memoranda via a continuous color wheel. Experiments 1A and 2 entailed an unfilled retention interval in which refreshing is assumed to occur spontaneously, and Experiment 1B entailed a retention interval embedded with cues prompting the sequential refreshment of a subset of the memoranda. During the retention interval, fixations revisited the locations occupied by the memoranda, consistent with a looking-at-nothing phenomenon in WM, but the pattern was only evident when placeholders were onscreen in Experiment 2, indicating that these fixations may largely reflect random gaze. Furthermore, spontaneous fixations did not predict recall precision (Experiments 1A and 2), even when ensuring that they did not reflect random gaze (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1B, refreshing cues increased fixations to the eventually tested target and predicted better recall precision, which interacted with an overall benefit of target fixations. These results suggest that fixations during instructed, but not spontaneous, refreshing conditions account for additional variance in recall precision. Eye movements, however, do not seem suitable as an online measure of refreshing.

The Color Expressions in the Traditional Costumes of Taiwanese Indigenous Peoples

With respect to both fiber and color the clothing material of Taiwan’s indigenous people came predominantly from nature. Atayal woven materials are a distinct example of how ethnic symbolism can be expressed through the combining of color and fabric patterns in weaving and dying. In order to understand Atayal fabric color use and distribution, this research first utilizes PANTONE FASHION + HOME cotton planner to contrast fabric color, and after comparison, color specimens are input one at a time into Color Schemer Studio’s color wheel statistics system. In order to analyze Atayal fabric colors, this study particularly performs color scope analysis on sub-groups for which research specimens are relatively abundant, such as the Tayal’s Beishi group and Nanao Group; and the Sediq’s Wushe Group, Wanda Group, and Taroko Group. Beishi group fabrics use a comparatively wide range of color and a more diverse number of combinations. The main colors they use include white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and other colors. The colors used by the Wushe Group and Wanda Group in their fabrics include white, red, blue and others. While the number of specimens collected for this study is limited, it is possible to understand, what the color preferences of sub-tribes are through their color schemes. The most predominant color schemes involve similar colors, contrasting colors, and complimentary colors.

Why does the probe value effect emerge in working memory? Examining the biased attentional refreshing account

People are able to prioritize more valuable information in working memory. The current study examined whether this value effect is due to the more valuable items being refreshed more frequently or for a longer period of time than the other items during maintenance. To assess this possibility, we combined a probe value manipulation with a guided-refreshing procedure. Arrays of colored shapes were presented, and after a brief delay, participants reported the color of one randomly probed shape on a continuous color wheel. To manipulate probe value, one item was indicated as more valuable than the rest prior to encoding (i.e., worth more notional points), or all items were indicated as equally valuable. To guide refreshing, in some trials, a sequence of two arrows was presented during maintenance, thereby cueing the spatial location of an item. Participants were told to “think of” (i.e., refresh) the cued item. If value boosts are driven by attentional refreshing, cueing an item to be refreshed should enhance performance for items that are of low or equal value, but not items of high value, as these items would be refreshed regardless of the cue. This pattern of outcomes was observed, providing support for the hypothesis that attentional refreshing at least partially accounts for probe-value effects in working memory.

Interactions Between Visual Working Memory, Attention, and Color Categories: a Pupillometry Study

Recent studies have found that visual working memory (VWM) for color shows a categorical bias: observers typically remember colors as more prototypical to the category they belong to than they actually are. Here, we further examine color-category effects on VWM using pupillometry. Participants remembered a color for later reproduction on a color wheel. During the retention interval, a colored probe was presented, and we measured the pupil constriction in response to this probe, assuming that the strength of constriction reflects the visual saliency of the probe. We found that the pupil initially constricted most strongly for non-matching colors that were maximally different from the memorized color; this likely reflects a lack of visual adaptation for these colors, which renders them more salient than memory-matching colors (shown before). Strikingly, this effect reversed later in time, such that pupil constriction was more prolonged for memory-matching colors as compared to non-matching colors; this likely reflects that memory-matching colors capture attention more strongly, and perhaps for a longer time, than non-matching colors do. We found no effects of color categories on pupil constriction: after controlling for color distance, (non-matching) colors from the same category as the memory color did not result in a different pupil response as compared to colors from a different category; however, we did find that behavioral responses were biased by color categories. In summary, we found that pupil constriction to colored probes reflects both visual adaptation and VWM content, but, unlike behavioral measures, is not notably affected by color categories.

What is the “opposite” of “blue”? The language of colour wheels

© Society for Imaging Science and Technology 2019 A color wheel is a tool for ordering and understanding hue. Different color wheels differ in the spacing of the colors around the wheel. The opponent-color theory, Munsell's color system, the standard printer's primaries, the artist's primaries, and Newton's rainbow all present different variations of the color wheel. I show that some of this variation is owing to imprecise use of language, based on Berlin and Kay's theory of basic color names. I also show that the artist's color wheel is an outlier that does not match well to the technical color wheels because its principal colors are so strongly connected to the basic color names.

What is the “opposite” of “blue”? The language of colour wheels

© Society for Imaging Science and Technology 2019 A color wheel is a tool for ordering and understanding hue. Different color wheels differ in the spacing of the colors around the wheel. The opponent-color theory, Munsell's color system, the standard printer's primaries, the artist's primaries, and Newton's rainbow all present different variations of the color wheel. I show that some of this variation is owing to imprecise use of language, based on Berlin and Kay's theory of basic color names. I also show that the artist's color wheel is an outlier that does not match well to the technical color wheels because its principal colors are so strongly connected to the basic color names.

The Ways to Find Harmony in Modern Clothing Design Projects

The purpose of the article. The article explains the ways to find harmony in modern clothing design projects. The research methodology consists of the analysis application in the field of fashion, as well as methods of source, aesthetic and structural-compositional analysis. The scientific novelty of the work lies in determining and systematizing the main ways of searching for harmony in clothing design 2010-2020. Conclusions. Design forms and expression, its orientation change not only due to a technology change but primarily due to changes in social demands, value systems, mental guidelines, of which the search for harmony is also important – external and internal. Designers solve this aspect in various ways: from formalized proportioning and the color wheel usage to the use of natural motifs and folk art archetypes. Another way is “green”, ecological, “ethical”, “sustainable” fashion – directions that not only demonstrate the possibilities of processing but also generate a particular worldview, draw attention to the artist’s ability to return people to the beauty and diversity of the world.

Effects of the Color Wheel System on Students With Disabilities in Inclusion Classrooms

The Color Wheel System (CWS) is a class-wide, rule-based, behavior management strategy that incorporates multiple sets of classroom rules to provide specific behavioral expectations for different classroom activities. This study used the CWS within three inclusion classrooms to evaluate improvements of classroom behavior for students with disabilities. A multiple-baseline design across classrooms evaluated the effects of the CWS on on-task behavior for three students with identified disabilities in each classroom. Momentary time-sampling was used to record on-task behavior, which was operationally defined as eyes on teacher or work or following teacher instructions. Visual analysis of time-series graphs and nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP) measures suggested the CWS caused immediate, large, and sustained increases in on-task behavior for students with disabilities when data are aggregated by classroom. However, individual changes in on-task behavior were variable across students. Implications for using the CWS as part of a class-wide behavioral prevention program and directions for future research are discussed.

Classroom Management

Classroom management refers to a variety of strategies aimed at increasing appropriate behaviors and reducing inappropriate behaviors in classrooms. Common peer-mediated strategies in classroom management include establishing rules and classroom procedures, setting routines, and maintaining a positive classroom climate. Interventions such as the Color Wheel System can be helpful in establishing classroom expectations. This chapter discusses the use of classroom management strategies in schools, with a focus on strategies that can leverage peer influence to promote positive outcomes. This chapter also includes considerations of diversity and equity in classroom management interventions.

The relationship between body and substrate color for Ambystoma altamirani (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) from the Arroyo los Axolotes, Mexico

The relationship between body and substrate color for Ambystoma altamirani (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) from the Arroyo los Axolotes, Mexico. To determine whether the coloration of Ambystoma altamirani varies and whether the color is related to the color of the salamander’s substrate, A. altamirani from the Arroyo los Axolotes, state of México, Mexico, was examined. The study was conducted from February 2018 to January 2019, and the colors classified by comparison with a standard color wheel. The most common base color was olive-green (64%) followed by black (21%). The most common color combinations were olive-green with black markings (44%), solid black (14%), and olive-green with black and yellow markings (11%). Olive-green salamanders were present in every month of the study, whereas the other base colors were found in fewer months, with the greatest diversity of base colors being observed from April to July. Olive-green, black, and “light” A. altamirani were found on dark substrates more frequently than expected based on availability compared to intermediate or light substrates. Because there is no evidence for substrate color matching, substrate selection likely is based on other environmental features.