An Anatomy of Liberal Peace From the Case of Land Tenure in Burundi: Towards an Intermedial Perspective

Most national and international observers perceive recent political developments in Burundi (Nkurunziza’s third term as head of state, constitutional reforms in 2018, presidential elections process in 2020) as a violation of the Arusha Peace Agreement signed in 2000, which was the cornerstone of the Burundian peace process. This article discusses the normative approach often adopted to evaluate the success or failure of the Arusha Agreement through an analysis of the variance between stipulations of the agreement and the reality on the ground. By mobilising intermedial interpretations of peace success, we proffer that the Arusha Agreement should be seen as a key moment in a dynamic process marked by power relations. Using a case of returnee land rights, we show that in actuality, the provisions of the Arusha Agreement were never fully implemented; revealing the real element that shaped the domain of returnee land in Burundi: power relations that express actors’ interests.

The Charge of a Light Barricade: Optics and Ballistics in the Ambiguous Being of Screens

John Durham Peters invites a rethinking of the optical and environmental duality of the screen by examining media practices that link projection to protection and showing to shielding. The ontological ambiguity of the screen—at once a site for the representation of a world and a real element embedded in the world—enables one to think of media as a key part of what Peters calls ‘infrastructures of being’. Outlining the historical convergences between cultural practices of targeting and visualizing in Western history, Peters weaves together a rich and unexpected set of voices from the onset of the ‘atomic age’—from James Joyce and Vladimir Nabokov to Harold Edgerton and Norbert Wiener—illuminating the connection of detonation to image-making across photographic, filmic, televisual, and celestial screens.

The Development of High Speed Virtual Milling Test

The concept of a hardware-in-the-loop experiment for high speed milling is introduced in this paper. The tool-workpiece interaction is virtually implemented in the experiment while the milling machine with the spindle is used as real element. In this paper, the basic components of the experiment are presented, namely, a contactless displacement sensor, a computational algorithm of the cutting force and a contactless electromagnetic actuator are discussed. Experiments on the prototype of the electromagnetic actuator are also shown to illustrate the potential of the concept. A feasibility study of the hardware-in-the-loop experiment is given, where the effect of the time delay included in the experiment is investigated.

The Reality and Myth of Weapons and Violence in Gang Life

Weapons and violence are both real and mythic elements of gang life. Though violence is a real element of gang life, public perceptions about gangs may be exaggerated, invoking the idea of dangerous youth roaming the streets. The image of violent gang members is also embraced and used by youth on the streets to navigate their social world. Gang members often create personal and group-based myths by exaggerating their use of weapons and violence. This chapter examines the division between myth and reality in gang life. It reviews research to establish that weapons and violence are real elements of gang members' lives throughout the world. It further explores how myths emerge among gang members who have ample motivation for fictionalizing violence and weapons use. This chapter relies on the social psychological ideas of social constructionism, interpretive socialization, and identity to explain the existence of myths in gang life.

Compositionality of Chinese idioms: the issues, the semantic approach and a case study

Idioms – or something like idioms – occupy a special place as a speech genre in languages. It is compelling that the issues of what idioms are (or are not) and how they distinguish themselves from other related, though different, linguistic and phraseological categories, are of concern to all. This paper first examines various linguistic issues concerning the idiom genre before going into a detailed discussion about the chengyu in Chinese, which is an approximate yet by no means identical counterpart of the idiom as it is understood in English. It is argued that, as phrasal structures, Chinese chengyus are not all lexically fixed, neither are they all semantically non-compositional. By virtue of the example of the sememe zhong lit. ‘(bronze) bell’ and its incorporation into certain chengyus, it is demonstrated that the sememic constituents of a chengyu can be only not compositionally significant semantically speaking but also, they may well hold the key to the reason why the literal meaning of a chengyu should be closely integrated into its intended, idiomatic (figurative) meaning. Chengyus that incorporate the sememe zhong comprise an idiomatic analogy and, in fact, zhong as a lexical item is represented in the content of this analogy as a cognitively real element. This paper adopts the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) framework as the basis for semantic analyses of such chengyus.

The Reality and Myth of Weapons and Violence in Gang Life

Weapons and violence are both real and mythic elements of gang life. Though violence is a real element of gang life, public perceptions about gangs may be exaggerated, invoking the idea of dangerous youth roaming the streets. The image of violent gang members is also embraced and used by youth on the streets to navigate their social world. Gang members often create personal and group-based myths by exaggerating their use of weapons and violence. This chapter examines the division between myth and reality in gang life. It reviews research to establish that weapons and violence are real elements of gang members' lives throughout the world. It further explores how myths emerge among gang members who have ample motivation for fictionalizing violence and weapons use. This chapter relies on the social psychological ideas of social constructionism, interpretive socialization, and identity to explain the existence of myths in gang life.

NEED TO CHANGE MUSIC COURSES ACCORDING TO THE CURRENT TIME

Musical art has special significance in Indian arts. Like other arts, musical art does not imitate mental perception, rather it is an imitation of one's own will and this act of realizing it is its shadow. This is the reason for the strong influence of music that it itself expresses the real element. Musical art does not express any particular limited joy, sorrow, suffering, fear, peace or happiness, but it gives expression to their common and universal nature. Music fills devotional feelings in our soul. भारतीय कलाओं में संगीत कला का विशेष महत्व है। संगीत कला अन्य कलाओं की तरह मानसिक बोध कराने की अनुकृति नहीं करती, बल्कि वह स्वयं की इच्छा की अनुकृति है और यह बोध कराने की क्रिया इसी की छाया है। संगीत के सशक्त प्रभाव का यही कारण है कि वह स्वयं असली तत्व की अभिव्यक्ति करता है। संगीत कला किसी विशेष सीमित आनन्द, दुःख, पीड़ा, भय, शांति या प्रसन्नता के व्यक्त नहीं करती बल्कि वह इनके सामान्य और सार्वभौमिक स्वरूप को अभिव्यक्ति देती है। संगीत हमारी आत्मा में भक्तिमय अनुभूतियां भर देता है।

SEM Image and EDS Composition Analysis of Al2O3 Power under Low Vacuum Level Condition

The surface morphology of the Al2O3powder was observed by SEM and the composition content was analyzed by EDS spectrum under different vacuum level condition. The effects of the atmosphere pressure on the SEM image quality and EDS analysis were explored systematically. The platinum sputtering treatment on the materials surface in high vacuum mode is beneficial to the observation of the images but has negtive effects on the analysis of O and Al elements. The decrease of vacuum degree in low vacuum mode can result in the drop of the image resolution and EDS spectrum accuracy. However, clear SEM image and EDS composition analysis result near to the real element kinds and contents of sample can be obtained in the low vacuum mode of 1Pa~50Pa.