Supercapacitance/Resistance Behaviors of Helminth Eggs as Reliable Recognition and Direct Differentiation Probe

Parasitic helminths are usually known as undesired pathogens, causing various diseases in both human and animal species. In this study, we explore supercapacitance/resistance behaviors as a novel probe for rapid identification and direct differentiation of Fasciola hepatica, Parascaris equorum (with and without larvae), Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Taenia multiceps, and Moniezia expansa eggs. This claim is attributed to some characteristics, such as grave supercapacitance/area, high-energy storage/area, large power/egg, huge permittivity, and great electrical break-down potential, respectively (Fasciola hepatica: 2,158, 0.485, 2.7 × 10–3, 267, 52.6, Parascaris equorum without larvae: 2,825, 0.574, 3.0 × 10–3, 351, 68.4, Parascaris equorum with larvae: 4,519, 0.716, 2.4 × 10–3, 1.96, 97.6, Dicrocoelium dendriticum: 1,581, 0.219, 2.8 × 10–3, 1.96, 48.8, Moniezia expansa: 714, 0.149, 2.2 × 10–3, 0.88, 35.2, Taenia multiceps: 3,738, 0.619, 4.7 × 10–3, 4.63, 84.4), and durable capacitance up to at least 15,000 sequential cycles at different scan rates (between 2.0 × 10−4 and 120.0 V s−1) as well as highly differentiated resistance between 400 and 600 Ω. These traits are measured by the “Blind Patch-Clamp” method, at the giga ohm sealed condition (6.18 ± 0.12 GΩ cm−1, n = 5). Significant detection ranges are detected for each capacitance and resistance with gradient limits as large as at least 880 to 1,000 mF and 400 to 600 Ω depending on the type of helminth egg. The effect of water in the structure of helminth eggs has also been investigated with acceptable reproducibility (RSD 7%–10%, n = 5). These intrinsic characteristics would provide novel facilitators for direct helminth egg identification in comparison with several methods, such as ELISA, PCR, and microscopic methods.

DEGREE OF INVASION OF HORSES PARASCARIS EQUORUM UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF CONTENT

The significant dependence on the invasion of Parascaris equorum horses with different maintenance technologies was studied. Methods of helminthocoprooscopy revealed the spread of parascaridosis of horses kept in stable and herd conditions in the Pobeda farm in the Cheremshansky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The high invasion of animals with herd and stable housing is apparently associated with a large contamination of horse stalls, stables, care items and the surrounding area with parascaride eggs. The maximum parasiticidal infection of horses was established with stable maintenance. As a result of the studies, it was found that the maximum extent of invasion (EI) of horses in the examined farm with stable technology of keeping was 42.8 % and herd content was 37.5 %. The intensity of invasion (II) by parascarides varied from 23.7±3.4 to 77.3±5.6 ind. eggs in 1 g of feces, depending on the technology of maintenance.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in equines of Mustang District, Nepal

Devkota RP, Subedi JR, Wagley K. 2021. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in equines of Mustang District, Nepal. Biodiversitas 22: 3958-3963. The study was conducted from March 2018 to November 2018 in four villages of Mustang district to find out the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in equines (horses and mules). Fecal samples collected from 175 randomly selected equines (105 from horses and 70 from mules) were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate and microscopically examined using concentration techniques to detect ova, larvae, and oocysts of parasites. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was found to be 84.57% with an incidence rate of 81.90% and 88.57% in horses and mules respectively. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites between horses and mules did not vary significantly (p>0.05). Also no significant association (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate of parasites and study areas was observed. Among identified parasites in horses, Strongyles showed the highest prevalence (68.57%) followed by Strongyloides spp. (23.80%), and Parascaris equorum (14.28%) and in mules Strongyles showed the highest prevalence (80.0%) followed by Parascaris equorum (35.71%), Strongyloides spp. (28.57%), and Dictyocaulus spp. (5.71%). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites showed no significant variation (p>0.05) with respect to age and feeding status. However, the prevalence rate significantly varied (p<0.05) with respect to parameters like infection status (single and mixed), housing condition and health status. The present study revealed a higher prevalence rate of gastrointestinal parasites due to poor husbandry practices and lack of adequate veterinary services. Therefore, improvement in housing and feeding system, awareness regarding effective regular deworming, and establishment of veterinary hospitals in the study areas were recommended.

PARASKARIDOSIS OF HORSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL ALTAI

The purpose of this paper was to study the epizootic process of equine paraskaridosis in the conditions of the Central Altai. The research was conducted in 4 administrative districts of the natural-geographical province. Fecal samples were examined by the methods generally accepted in parasitology. After analyzing the results of ovolarvoscopic studies we can say that nematodes of the suborder Strongylata (IP = 87.8) prevail with EI indicators of 79.4–100.0% in the structure of the helminth complex of the gastrointestinal tract of horses in the territory of all administrative districts. However, an important role in the formation of invasive pathology is played by paraskaridosis, the pathogens of which are a subdominant element in the helminthocomplex (IP 6.9). This disease is almost ubiquitous. The average infestation of horses with nematodes Parascaris equorum of the suborder Ascaridata is 13.0%, with the variability of EI indicators from 7.2 to 22.1%. The maximum infestation was registered in foals, then there is a tendency to reduce the infestation of animals with age. The seasonal manifestation of paraskaridosis is characterized by the greatest infection of animals in the autumn period. Heterogeneity in the infestation of horses with paraskarids in the context of administrative regions is due to the natural and climatic features and orographic diversity of mountain landscapes and the established ecosystems characteristic of them.

HORSE HELMINTH FAUNA OF THE CITY OF KALUGA

Horse intestinal helminthiasis is widespread. The helminth fauna of horses differs in different areas. Intestinal helminthiasis affects most horses of the livestock at stud farms, especially with herd keeping The article presents a study of the diversity of the helminth fauna of horses in the city of Kaluga. Microscopically examined 60 fecal samples taken from the stalls of 30 sports horses aged 2 to 15 years. Samples were taken twice, the first time on 06/17/2019, the second time on 09/27/2019. Helminth-endoscopic examinations for the diagnosis of intestinal helminthiasis were performed by the Fulleborn method with a solution of sodium salt and by the Kotelnikov-Khrenov method with ammonium nitrate. Then, before crystallization, each drop was examined under a microscope with a magnification of 400. As a result of the study, eggs of the helminth Strongylus equines were found in 49 samples out of 60. The eggs found had a typical oval shape, measuring 0.07-0.09 x 0.04-0.05 mm. The shell was two-contour, gray in color. In 34 samples from 60 subjects, immature eggs of Parascaris equorum were found. Eggs are rounded in shape, with a diameter of 0.1 mm. The shell of the eggs was dense, dark brown in color. On the territory of the city of Kaluga, horses are found to have intestinal diseases.

HELMINTHOFAUNA OF HORSES IN TYUMEN REGION

Today, helminthous invasions in horses are one of the important problems for veterinary specialists, since the action of helminths significantly affects the general condition of horses, allergic and toxic manifestations of diseases are observed, external qualities are worsened, performance, endurance, natural resistance are reduced, which leads to the emergence of diseases of various etiologies. We set the goal – to study the helminthofauna of horses in the Tyumen region. For the study of horse helminthoses, an animal survey was conducted in the period 2017–2020. As a result of the data obtained, it was found that horses have a mixed helminthose invasion consisting of nematodes of the Oxyuridae family (Oxyuris equi) during the parasitization of which, in horses, it was revealed – the rumpleness of the hair-covering of the dock, the formation of bald patches and the release of white plaque from the anal orifice, with Ascaridae (Parascaris equorum) there were seizures of cough and nasal secretions, as well as horses had reduced appetite and increased fatigue, with Strongyloididae (Strongyloides westeri) – foals had a delay in molting and an increase in abdominal volume, the Strongylata suborder caused digestive disorder with colic attacks. To prevent the spread of helminthous invasions, it is necessary to carry out the main integrated system for control helminthosis, which includes veterinary, sanitary and therapeutic and preventive events.

AVALIAÇÃO DA EFICÁCIA ANTI-HELMÍNTICA DO DISOPHENOL(RUMIVAC) E OUTROS COMPOSTOS ANTI-HELMÍNTICOS CONTRA NEMATOIDES GASTRINTESTINAIS DE EQUINOS

Introdução: A propriedade Haras Galopante, situada em São Francisco do Itabapoana – RJ, desconhece a eficácia da ivermectina que é o produto que vem sendo utilizado a alguns anos nos animais do seu plantel para controle das parasitoses. Diante a situação de resistência anti-helmíntica em equinos é de crucial importância buscar aqueles compostos anti-helmínticos eficazes. Objetivos : No caso do disofenol a estratégia é ampliar o leque de atuação do produto a uma nova espécie animal. Com isso fazer a avaliação da eficácia da ivermectina e outros compostos anti-helmínticos disponíveis no mercado contra a população de nematoides gastrintestinais do Haras Galopante. Metodologia: Com isso foram testados albendazol, ivermectina, fenbendazol, piperazina, pamoato de pirantel sendo utilizados entre 10 a 15 animais de acordo com produto testado. Exceção foi o disofenol por se tratar de um produto ainda sem precedentes para esta espécie animal e por questões de segurança usamos número menor de animais caso ocorra óbito. As fezes foram coletadas no momento e após sete dias do tratamento para avaliar a redução no número de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Além disto, foram feitas coproculturas para obtenção das larvas infectantes(L3) e identificação dos gêneros sobreviventes ao tratamento e detecção de larvas originárias de baixas contagens e/ou negativas do OPG. Resultados: Ciatostomíneos, Parascaris equorum e Oxyuris equi foram os nematoides observados no plantel durante o período da avaliação. A exceção da piperazina e pamoato de pirantel que tiveram eficácia, respectivamente, de 100 e 97,8%, os demais anti-helmínticos testados não foram eficazes.Conclusão: A recomendação é que para ser considerado eficaz o produto reduza ≥ 95% o OPG. Ivermectina foi o anti-helmíntico menos eficaz (48%).

ПОПУЛЯЦІЯ КОНЯ ПРЖЕВАЛЬСЬКОГО В ЧОРНОБИЛЬСЬКІЙ ЗОНІ ВІДЧУ-ЖЕННЯ: МОНІТОРИНГ ЧИСЕЛЬНОСТІ ТВАРИН ТА РІВНЯ ЗАРАЖЕНОСТІ КИ-ШКОВИМИ ПАРАЗИТАМИ У 2015–2018 РР.

Представлено результати спостережень за чисельністю вільної популяції коня Пржевальсь-кого та рівнем зараженості тварин основними кишковими паразитами на території Зони Чо-рнобильської АЕС впродовж 2015–2018 рр. Всього було зареєстровано 187 особин. Впродовж періоду дослідження щороку відмічалось від трьох до десяти репродуктивних груп чисельні-стю 3–14 особин в кожній, одна–три холостяцькі групи жеребців (2–7 особин), а також оди-ничні самці. Досліджені групи коней мають чітку приуроченість до місця мешкання. Зареєс-тровано для Strongylidae найвищий рівень зараженості (100%; 888,9±565,7 яєць в 1 г фекалій); для Parascaris equorum – середній рівень зараженості (33,3–100%; 25–200): для Anoplocephalidae – низький рівень зараженості (9,09–66,7%; 25). У одного жеребця зафіксо-вано Habronema muscae (ЕІ=16,7%; середній EPG=25).

PREVALENCIA DE PARÁSITOS GASTROINTESTINALES EN CABALLOS PURA SANGRE DE CARRERA (EQUUS CABALLUS) DURANTE EL PERIODO DE CUARENTENA 2010 EN EL HIPODROMO “LA RINCONADA” CARACAS, VENEZUELA

Se realizó un estudio coprológico empleando la técnica de flotación Mc master (Willis-Molloy) a un total de 650 equinos (Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758), raza Pura Sangre de Carrera, 300 machos y 350 hembras, todos de 2 años de edad, procedentes de centros de cría de la región central de Venezuela durante el periodo de cuarentena 2010 en el Hipódromo “La Rinconada” Caracas, Venezuela. El estudio parasitológico reveló la presencia de huevos de estróngilos en 477 equinos (73%), huevos de Parascaris equorum (Goeze, 1782) en 23 (4%) y 150 negativos (23%). La presencia de estróngilos se mantuvo por equino entre un rango de 550-1850 HPG (Huevos por g de heces), mientras que P. equorum fue para 250-600 HPG. Estos resultados parecen indicar un plan sanitario inadecuado y específicamente en el control de parásitos. Es posible una resistencia parasitaria a los desparasitantes de uso convencional, pero también pudiera estar asociado a los cambios climáticos que modifican el ciclo biológico de estos parásitos. En conclusión, se registró la presencia de parásitos gastrointestinales en equinos de Pura Sangre de Carreras, durante el periodo de cuarentena en el Hipódromo “La Rinconada” Caracas, Venezuela.