Induced Smectic Phases from Supramolecular H-Bonded Complexes Based on Non-Mesomorphic Components

New non-symmetrical 1:1 supramolecular H-bonded (SMHB) interactions, Ix/II, were designed between the non-mesomorphic fatty acids (palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids) and 4-tetradecyloxyphenylazo pyridine. Mesophase behaviors of the formed complexes were examined via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). In order to confirm the H-bond interaction formations within the prepared SMHB complexes, FT-IR spectroscopy was established whereby Fermi bands confirm these interactions. Mesomorphic investigations for all complexes indicated that, independent of the terminal alkenyl chains of the natural acids, induced dimorphic smectic phases were observed. The stability of formed mesophases was found to depend on the degree of un-saturation of the terminal alkenyl group of acid component.

A comparison of zwitterionic and anionic mechanisms in the dual-catalytic polymerization of lactide

Two different polymerization mechanisms for lactide are selectivity addressed to illuminate the respective role of organobase and Lewis acid component.

Liposome-Mediated Inhibition of Inflammation by Hydroxycitrate

Hydroxycitrate (HCA), a main organic acid component of the fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia, is a natural citrate analog that can inhibit the ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) enzyme with a consequent reduction of inflammatory mediators (i.e., nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) levels. Therefore, HCA has been proposed as a novel means to prevent, treat, and ameliorate conditions involving inflammation. However, HCA presents a low membrane permeability, and a large quantity is required to have a biological effect. To overcome this problem, HCA was formulated in liposomes in this work, and the enhancement of HCA cell availability along with the reduction in the amount required to downregulate NO, ROS, and PGE2 in macrophages were assessed. The liposomes were small in size (~60 nm), monodispersed, negatively charged (−50 mV), and stable on storage. The in vitro results showed that the liposomal encapsulation increased by approximately 4 times the intracellular accumulation of HCA in macrophages, and reduced by 10 times the amount of HCA required to abolish LPS-induced NO, ROS, and PGE2 increase. This suggests that liposomal HCA can be exploited to target the citrate pathway involved in inflammatory processes.

ANALISIS KOMPONEN ASAM LEMAK DAN MINERAL (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) IKAN KAKAP PUTIH (Lates calcalifer)

ABSTRACT The analysis of fatty acid component and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) of white snapper fish (Lates calclifer) had been done. Flesh of white snapper fish (Lates calclifer) was extracted with petroleum benzene and obtained 6.06% of oil. Oil fish was transesterified by using BF3 – methanol 20%. The result of transesterification was analysed by using and GC-MC obtained nine fatty acid component, those were myristic acid methyl ester 5.94%; pentadecanoic acid methyl ester 1,58%; palmitoleic acid methyl ester 8.73; palmi acid methyl ester 17.69; Margarate acid methyl ester 1.96%; linoleic acid methyl ester 1.56%; oleic acid methyl ester 15.83%; streaic acid methyl ester 10.41%; aracidonic acid methyl ester 5.26%. the result of minerals composition analysis used atom absorption spectrophotometer (ASS) showed that the content of calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), ferrum (Fe), zinc (Zn), were 51,1 mg/kg; 574 mg/kg; 65 mg/kg; and 10,8 mg/kg, respectively. Oil of white snapper fish (Lates calcalifer) contains esensial fatty acid that is benefit to humans body. In the another hand, it also contains mineral content which is enough that it is goof to be consumend by the people.

Electrolyte Performance of Noni Fruit Extracts (Morinda Citrifolia L.) for C–Zn Batteries

<p class="E-JOURNALAbstractBody">C–Zn battery is a commercial battery that widely used due to its easy to carry, inexpensive, and easy to obtain. However, the serious thing is the problem of battery waste which not only causes pollution but also endangers natural resources due to contained heavy metals (Mn) and corrosive electrolytes. Noni (Morinda Citrifolia L.) is a fruit with the main component of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as an antioxidant. This acid component is the basis for further utilization as an environmentally friendly electrolyte application. Noni was fermented with 2 time variations, 48 and 72 hours. Fabrication of C–Zn batteries was done with thin configurations like sandwiches. Furthermore, voltage was measured with digital multimeter. The results obtained, Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of 0.72 V for unfermented electrolytes. Then, the use of fermented electrolytes causes an increase in voltage and current due to decreased pH.</p>

Cross metathesis-mediated synthesis of hydroxamic acid derivatives

An alternative synthesis of α,ß-unsaturated hydroxamates via cross metathesis between a class-I olefin and N-benzyloxyacrylamide is reported. The reaction proceeds better in the presence of Grubbs’ second generation catalyst within short time and in good yields (57–85%) with a range of substrates. Subsequent hydrogenation of each of the CM products delivers the title compounds in moderate to very good yield (70–89%). An important demonstration of the protocol is the preparation of the unusual amino acid component of the bioactive cyclic peptide Chap-31.

Exploiting the Electronic Tuneability of Carboranes as Supports for Frustrated Lewis Pairs

The first example of a carborane with a catecholborolyl substituent, [1-Bcat-2-Ph-closo-1,2-C2B10H10] (1), has been prepared and characterized and shown to act as the Lewis acid component of an intermolecular frustrated Lewis pair in catalyzing a Michael addition. In combination with B(C6F5)3 the C-carboranylphosphine [1-PPh2-closo-1,2-C2B10H11] (IVa) is found to be comparable with PPh2(C6F5) in its ability to catalyze hydrosilylation, whilst the more strongly basic B-carboranylphosphine [9-PPh2-closo-1,7-C2B10H11] (V) is less effective and the very weakly basic species [μ-2,2ʹ-PPh-{1-(1ʹ-1ʹ,2ʹ-closo-C2B10H10)-1,2-closo-C2B10H10}] (IX) is completely ineffective. Base strengths are rank-ordered via measurement of the 1J 31P-77Se coupling constants of the phosphineselenides [1-SePPh2-closo-1,2-C2B10H11] (2), [9-SePPh2-closo-1,7-C2B10H11] (3), and [SePPh2(C6F5)] (4).

Synthesis of a tyrosinase inhibitor by consecutive ethenolysis and cross-metathesis of crude cashew nutshell liquid

A convenient and sustainable three-step synthesis of the tyrosinase inhibitor 2-hydroxy-6-tridecylbenzoic acid was developed that starts directly from the anacardic acid component of natural cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL). Natural CNSL contains 60–70% of anacardic acid as a mixture of several double bond isomers. The anacardic acid component was converted into a uniform starting material by ethenolysis of the entire mixture and subsequent selective precipitation of 6-(ω-nonenyl)salicylic acid from cold pentane. The olefinic side chain of this intermediate was elongated by its cross-metathesis with 1-hexene using a first generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst, which was reused as precatalyst in a subsequent hydrogenation step. Overall, the target compound was obtained in an overall yield of 61% based on the unsaturated anacardic acid content and 34% based on the crude CNSL.