Induced Smectic Phases from Supramolecular H-Bonded Complexes Based on Non-Mesomorphic Components

New non-symmetrical 1:1 supramolecular H-bonded (SMHB) interactions, Ix/II, were designed between the non-mesomorphic fatty acids (palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids) and 4-tetradecyloxyphenylazo pyridine. Mesophase behaviors of the formed complexes were examined via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). In order to confirm the H-bond interaction formations within the prepared SMHB complexes, FT-IR spectroscopy was established whereby Fermi bands confirm these interactions. Mesomorphic investigations for all complexes indicated that, independent of the terminal alkenyl chains of the natural acids, induced dimorphic smectic phases were observed. The stability of formed mesophases was found to depend on the degree of un-saturation of the terminal alkenyl group of acid component.

Raman Study on Lipid Droplets in Hepatic Cells Co-Cultured with Fatty Acids

The purpose of the present study was to investigate molecular compositions of lipid droplets changing in live hepatic cells stimulated with major fatty acids in the human body, i.e., palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. HepG2 cells were used as the model hepatic cells. Morphological changes of lipid droplets were observed by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) during co-cultivation with fatty acids up to 5 days. The compositional changes in the fatty chains included in the lipid droplets were analyzed via Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. The growth curves of the cells indicated that palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids induced cell death in HepG2 cells, but oleic acid did not. Microscopic observations suggested that the rates of fat accumulation were high for oleic and linoleic acids, but low for palmitic and stearic acids. Raman analysis indicated that linoleic fatty chains taken into the cells are modified into oleic fatty chains. These results suggest that the signaling pathway of cell death is independent of fat stimulations. Moreover, these results suggest that hepatic cells have a high affinity for linoleic acid, but linoleic acid induces cell death in these cells. This may be one of the causes of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

EXTRACTION OF BARU ALMOND OIL USING ALTERNATIVE SOLVENTS TO HEXANE: ETHANOL AND ISOPROPANOL

The baru oil has a high degree of unsaturation and relevant amount of oleic and linoleic acids content, which favors its use for food and pharmaceutical industries. Hexane is the most widely used solvent for oil extraction. However, its flammability, cost, and polluting potential justify the study of alternatives solvents such as ethanol and isopropanol that are less toxic and flammable and efficient in the extraction of other oils, as already reported in literature. This work represents the extraction of baru almond oil with the solvents hexane, ethanol, isopropanol, and isopropanol: ethanol (1:1) to compare their extraction yields. The parameters solid: solvent ratio, temperature and time were optimized using a central composite design. The higher yields were found in lower solid: solvent ratios and higher temperatures (ethanol - 29.12 %, isopropanol - 39.66 %, isopropanol: ethanol - 41.13 % and hexane - 36.59 %). Isopropanol and isopropanol: ethanol (1:1) mixture presented satisfactory results when compared to hexane, becoming alternatives for its replacement. In the extractions which the time was significant, the adjustment of the kinetic models indicated that the extraction is described by a second order model. The solvents researched showed to be promising for hexane replacement in the oil extraction from baru almond.

Effects of encapsulated black caraway extract and sesame oil on kolompeh quality

In this study, the physicochemical and sensory properties of kolompeh containing black caraway and sesame oil were investigated. Black caraway extract (BCE), encapsulated black caraway extract (EBCE), and black caraway powder (BCP) were added to kolompeh and compared to the sample without black caraway (FBC). All products contained sesame oil and were compared to control (without sesame oil). Among the samples, kolompeh with encapsulated extract demonstrated a higher oxidative stability (24.37 h), with a high IC50 of black caraway extract (124.1 μg·mL–1). In addition, the emulsion exhibited size distribution between 3.20 and 8.51 μm, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the well encapsulated extract. Gas chromatography identified oleic and linoleic acids as the main fatty acids in kolompeh with the black caraway encapsulated extract. Although, there were no significant differences in the colour parameters (L*, a* and b*) of the samples, kolompeh with EBCE had the highest score given by panelists. The control had a higher (2466 g) hardness compared to kolompeh containing EBCE (1688 g) at the end of storage. Therefore, the encapsulated extract of black caraway not only had no an adverse effect on the properties of kolompeh but also improved its quality.

Analysis of the thermal and physicochemical properties of unsaturated fatty acid concentrates from cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and Argentine croaker (Umbrina canosai) waste

Several studies have been carried out to obtain unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) concentrates, due to their nutritional importance in food applications. The aim of this work was to obtain UFA concentrates from bleached cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and Argentine croaker (Umbine canosai) oil by complexation with urea, and to evaluate their physicochemical and thermal properties during processing. The fatty acids found in high amounts in the crude and bleached oils of cobia and Argentine crocker were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Higher percentages of UFA were present in the oils extracted from the visceras, around 69 and 63% for cobia and Argentine croaker, respectively, and after complexation with urea, the percentages of UFA present in both concentrates were around 88%. Through the thermograms it was possible to observe that the UFA concentrates showed a 50% decrease in their maximum degradation temperature.

Composition and tocopherol, fatty acid, and phytosterol contents in micro-endosperm ultra-high oil corn

China has developed a new oil crop, micro-endosperm ultra-high oil corn, approved by the government in 2011 and named Huajian No. 1 (HJ-1). This study analyzed the nutrients in HJ-1 cold-pressed whole-seed oil, their composition and contents in tocopherols, fatty acids, and phytosterols and compares them with those of seven selected vegetable oils. HJ-1 oil contained α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol, with contents of 433.25 ± 0.13, 26.27 ± 0.08, 570.69 ± 0.27, and 38.41 ± 0.005 mg/kg, respectively, the highest nutritional values among the vegetable oils studied, except for soybean and palm oils. Gas chromatography was used for fatty acid analysis and seven were detected, with the main ones being palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. In HJ-1, the ratio of oleic to linoleic acid was close to 1:1, and b-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were present with contents of 254.20 ± 0.11, 108.91 ± 0.19, and 105.67 ± 0.58 mg/kg, respectively.

A fast and validated capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of selected fatty acids applied to food and cosmetic purposes

The potential of capillary electrophoresis was demonstrated to the determination of fatty acids in food and cosmetic samples and a validated method is proposed to palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids quantification in these samples.