تحليل مسار الاصلاح الاقتصادي و معوقاته في اقليم كردستان- العراق

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (71) ◽  
pp. 101-125
Author(s):  
أ.م.د سردار عثمان خضر ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Financial Supervision ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Comprehensive Planning ◽  
Oil Revenues

The research aims to diagnose the obstacles that hinder the implementation of the economic reform program in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, with reference to the reasons for the failure of previous economic reform programs in the region, and to indicate the extent of citizens’ confidence in implementing the economic reform in the region, as well as evaluating the economic reform law of the new government for the year 2020. The research reached a set of results, including: 1- There is no time limit for implementing the economic reform process. 2- Efficient and specialized cadres in the field of economic reform were not relied upon when forming committees to implement economic reform decisions. 3- The absence of a monitoring committee to implement economic reform decisions. 4- The project did not extend to the national domain, and receded within the partisan domain. 5- Weak desire for real economic reforms on the part of the ruling parties. 6- The previous economic reforms project did not include all governorates in the Kurdistan Region, but was reduced to the governorates of Erbil and Dohuk. The research concluded by presenting a number of proposals, including: 1- It is the responsibility of the regional government to deposit all revenues, whether oil or non-oil revenues, in the banks affiliated with the Ministry of Finance and Economy. 2- Distributing a share (petro dollars) of the revenues of the Ministry of Natural Resources to the oil and gas producing areas, with the aim of enhancing services provided to citizens and raising the standard of living for the residents of these areas. 3- Activating the role of the Financial Supervision Bureau and the Integrity Commission in the Kurdistan Region. 4- Develop comprehensive planning for the development of all oil fields in a fair manner, without giving preference to the region over other regions

Who Won the “Wool War”?: A Case Study of Rural Product Marketing in China

1989 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 213-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew watson ◽  
Christopher Findlay ◽  
Du Yintang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intensive Development

The absence of a systematic programme has been a distinctive feature of China's economic reform process. The Chinese did not set out to develop a step-by-step plan of reform to be phased in over a period of years. Instead they adopted a number of strategic goals, and in 1978 launched incremental and pragmatic changes aimed at realizing them. Essentially the strategy adopted had four main aspects: a shift from economic growth expressed mainly through statistical targets towards an emphasis on satisfying the consumption needs of the population; a change from extensive development based on new investment towards intensive development through greater efficiency; an acceptance of greater economic autonomy for producers, with a broader mix of methods of economic management and types of ownership; and the adoption of a much more open economy. The reforms adopted over the succeeding years have all been consistent with these objectives, but they have not been implemented through a carefully planned series of stages. Overall the process has been marked by different rates of reform across sectors, by occasional pauses and even retreats, and by problems generated by the interaction of the differing rates of reform. Enterprise managers, for example, have found that plan controls over their production or sales have disappeared at a faster rate than controls over their supply of inputs. Given the dual price system and the continuing role of the central government in the supply of strategic materials and energy, the impact of the uneven pace of change on managers’ behaviour has therefore been very complex.

scholarly journals Iraqi Kurdistan Oil and Gas Sector: Iraqi and International Dimensions

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Qadir Aso Araz
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
International Aspects ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

The article deals with the problem of the influence of the Iraqi Kurdistan oil and gas industry on the relations of the Kurdish autonomy with the central authority of Iraq. The international aspects of extraction and transportation of hydrocarbons from the territory of the Kurdistan Region are also analyzed. The legal basis for the functioning of the oil and gas complex in the region, the main differences between Erbil and Baghdad regarding the powers of the Kurdish regional government in the field of exploitation of natural resources of the autonomy is represented. It has been established that the independent activity of the Iraqi Kurdistan authorities in the development of the oil and gas industry in its territory, the wide involvement of foreign investment provided autonomy a significant source of income, which became the financial backing of Erbil in his political disputes with Baghdad. At the same time, in the question of the transportation of hydrocarbon, the landlocked Iraqi Kurdistan was critically dependent on Turkey, which greatly limits its range of options in its relations with Ankara. Excessive dependence of the Iraqi Kurdistan economy on hydrocarbon exports is one of the strategic challenges for Kurdish autonomy, but significant positive developments in this area are possible only in the long-term perspective. Keywords: Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan, Kurdish autonomy, Turkey, oil and gas industry.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Petroleum Contracts of Kurdistan Region in the Surveying and Applying the Deloitte Data (A Comparative Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Beston Muhammed Qadir ◽  
Hazhar Omer Mohammed ◽  
Hawre Latif Majeed
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Production Sharing ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
The Cost

A production sharing contract has been chosen by the Kurdistan Regional Government as supposedly the most appropriate contract model for the oil and gas resources of the Kurdistan Region, among several other forms of contract. In general, in terms of royalty, cost recovery, and sharing the residual sales as negotiated, the Kurdish model is similar to its foreign model, although the proportions are most likely to differ. The model of the Region specified 10 percent for the Royalty: Up to 45 percent for cost recovery, often between 7-9 percent of the company's share of the profit in the agreement. Investigating Deloitte reports and then comparing the 2017 to 2019 data shows the unstable output with a fair boost and stability at the later date as for 2017. A large contribution from the Kirkuk oil fields to the production of the overall region is noted until 16 Oct 2017. Around one-third of the revenues of oil went to the production oil companies, although as agreed for cost recovery, it is still less than 40 percent. The payment of the companies of Oil production could be explained as a collective sum between 9% of the profit oil and 25-28% of the sales oil's gross values! The cost recovery payment could not have been funded in the contract, which explains the region's claim about the debts of the companies, in its agreed manner.

What Drives Opposition to Economic Reforms? The Role of Ex Ante Uncertainty

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-572
Author(s):  
Alan Potter
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
Strategy I

The theoretical literature on support for pro-market economic reforms identifies uncertainty about the future consequences of reform as an important determinant of opposition to pro-market policies. However, this literature does not rigorously test the role of uncertainty on support for pro-market reforms. This paper addresses this gap by testing the role of uncertainty using a new geocoded dataset of state-owned enterprises in India and a difference-in-differences strategy. I find that voters who are threatened with privatization but do not experience the policy vote against the privatizing party whereas voters that actually experience privatization vote in favor of the privatizing party. These results provide strong empirical support for the role of uncertainty to explain opposition to economic reform programs.

Syria’s Passage to Conflict

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamel Azmeh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Protest Movement ◽  
Syrian Conflict ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Syria’s descent into conflict is receiving growing scholarly attention. On their own, the sectarian and geopolitical interpretations of the Syrian conflict provide us with little understanding of the roots of the conflict. Recent studies have started to unpack the political economic and socioeconomics aspects of the conflict, highlighting issues such as the economic reforms in the 2000s, rising inequality, and climate change. This article aims to contribute to this growing literature by placing these issues in a broader analysis of Syria’s political and economic institutions. It argues that the movement of 2011 should be seen as an unorganized protest movement driven by the consolidation and institutionalization of multisectarian elite rule through the economic reform process that started in the 2000s, following the expiration of the “developmental rentier fix” that had ensured authoritarian stability in Syria in earlier decades.

The Development of Industry and North Sea Oil in Scotland and Norway

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bryden
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Oil Revenues ◽  
Class Divisions

This Chapter discusses the many important differences between the nature and processes of Industrialisation in Scotland and Norway from the 18th Century up to the present day. The dissferences discussed particularly concern the timing of the shift from ‘proto-industrialisation’ to ’modern industrialisation’ based on the factory system; the relationship between agrarian, rural, urban and industrial development, especially concerning the peasantry, migration streams and urbanisation; working-class divisions and alliances; attitudes and policies concerning foreign interest and capital in relation to basic resources; the source of energy for modern industry and its impacts on the location of industrial development; the importance of domestic and overseas markets and industrial protection; different ideas on the role of the State and protectionism; and the differential impact of neo-liberal policies after 1970. It is argued that because of these deep-rooted differences and Scotland’s constitutional position within the UK, the experience of the development and exploitation of North Sea oil and gas in the two countries after about 1970 is also quite different, as are its social and economic consequences. Among other points, the Chapter discusses how Norway’s strong local government tradition (Ch.5) leveraged Norway’s wealth-sharing scheme from its oil and gas boom, and the importance of Norway’s Concession Laws of 1906-09 restricting the activities of foreign capital in natural resources, which set the stage and deepened Norway’s public goods culture. In contrast, Scotland’s oil revenues routinely bled off to elites and investors.

The Iraqi Kurdistan in the Post-Saddam Era: Security, Natural Resources and Foreign Policy Activism

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemin R. Akram Akreyi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan

This paper examines the role of security and the factor of natural resources in strengthening the Iraqi Kurdistan Region’s foreign relations. The author finds that, in the post-Saddam period, despite countless obstacles from various sides, the KRG has managed to use security/stability and the oil and gas of the Region to develop and strengthen its foreign relations to a significant extent, which just a few years ago was nearly impossible for a federated unit, such as the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, to achieve.

scholarly journals Dispute Resolution in Petroleum Contracts

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Arez Mohammed Sediq Othman
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Production Sharing ◽  
Host Government ◽  
International Companies

Premeditated handling of settling disputes is one of the main issues that international parties have to take into consideration in concluding contracts. Having effective dispute resolution provisions is one of the key factors that will lead to success in international agreements. In the recent years, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq has made lots of transactions in petroleum industry by concluding many international agreements with various international companies in the energy sector. Negotiation, mediation and arbitration have been adopted by the Kurdistan Regional Government in details, through its Oil and Gas Law No.28 of 2007 and signed production sharing contracts, as means of dispute resolution. Nonetheless, having less experience in this field has weakened the position of the host government in front of foreign companies. Moreover, the recent case of Dana Gas versus Kurdistan Regional Government has proven this fact; it was an indication that the Kurdistan Region has to be more cautious when it comes to regulate the terms and conditions of the contracts with the international companies, particularly in dispute resolution part. This paper will shed light on the available mechanisms to resolve every kind of disputes between the conflicted parties, with the specific focus on Kurdistan Region. Investigating the effectiveness and enforceability of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms is another major part of this paper.

The Potential Role of South-East Asia in North Korea’s Economic Reforms: The Cases of ASEAN, Vietnam and Singapore

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Er-Win Tan ◽  
Geetha Govindasamy ◽  
Chang Kyoo Park
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
South East Asia

The process of engaging the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea stands at a crossroads that presents challenges as well as opportunities. We believe that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) can indirectly help to facilitate North Korean reforms in three ways: (i) Political: via ASEAN’s ability to function as a neutral facilitator of dialogue; (ii) Economic: as models of economic reform for North Korea (particularly based on the experiences of Singapore and Vietnam); (iii) Social: the Choson Exchange based in Singapore is an ideal location for enabling North Koreans to study abroad and thus gain a greater understanding of other countries.

OPTIMALISASI PERAN PEMDA DALAM MENGATASI KENDALA PELAKSANAAN KONSERVASI KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI DI DAERAH (STUDI KASUS PROVINSI BENGKULU)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antung Deddy Radiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Conservation Policies

Gaps in biodiversity conservation management within the Conservation Area that are the responsibility of the central government and outside the Conservation Areas or as the Essential Ecosystems Area (EEA) which are the authority of the Regional Government, have caused various spatial conflicts between wildlife /wild plants and land management activities. Several obstacles faced by the Local Government to conduct its authority to manage (EEA), caused the number and area of EEA determined by the Local Government to be still low. At present only 703,000 ha are determined from the 67 million ha indicated by EEA. This study aims to overview biodiversity conservation policies by local governments and company perceptions in implementing conservation policies and formulate strategies for optimizing the role of Local Governments. From the results of this study, there has not been found any legal umbrella for the implementation of Law number 23/ 2014 related to the conservation of important ecosystems in the regions. This regulatory vacuum leaves the local government in a dilemma for continuing various conservation programs. By using a SWOT to the internal strategic environment and external stratetegic environment of the Environment and Forestry Service, Bengkulu Province , as well as using an analysis of company perceptions of the conservation policies regulatary , this study has been formulated a “survival strategy” through collaboration between the Central Government, Local Governments and the Private Sector to optimize the role of Local Government’s to establish EEA in the regions.Keywords: Management gaps, Essential Ecosystems Area (EEA), Conservation Areas, SWOT analysis and perception analysis

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