Fabrication of Sinusoidal Microstructures on Curved Copper Surface by Ultra-Precision Diamond Cutting with a Rotary B-Axis and Fast Tool Servo System

While curved surface microstructures have wide applications in optical components and devices, how to achieve high machining accuracy of the microstructures is crucial for their applications. In the present work, we fabricate sinusoidal modulation microstructures on a curved copper surface by ultra-precision diamond cutting, with the combination of a rotary B-axis and a fast tool servo system. Specifically, tool path planning, together with the consideration of a curved, sinusoidal surface meshing and tool tip arc segmentation compensation, is carried out. Preliminary cutting experiments are firstly carried out on a homemade four-axis ultra-precision lathe, which demonstrates the advantages of additionally applying the rotary B-axis in suppressing burr formations and over-cutting phenomenon over the sole utilization of the fast tool servo system. Subsequent experiments are carried out to evaluate the effects of feed rate and the number of sampling points on the machining accuracy of the microstructures under the combination of a rotary B-axis and a fast tool servo system. With the optimized machining parameters, sinusoidal modulation microstructures, which have a wavelength of 700.6 μm, a peak-to-valley of 18.7 μm, a surface roughness of 18.9 nm and a deviation of profile tolerance of 4.326 μm, are successfully fabricated on a curved copper surface with a face radius of 10 mm and a curvature radius of 500 mm.

T-type folded SIW-based leaky-wave antennas with wide scanning angle and low cross-polarization

In this paper, a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) with wide scanning angle and low cross-polarization is proposed based on a T-type folded substrate-integrated waveguide (FSIW). Transverse slots with a sinusoidal distribution pattern are etched on the surface of the FSIW so that transmission lines with slow-wave characteristics can excite and radiate −1 order harmonics. The length of the transverse slot affects the dispersion characteristics of the transmission line, and the sinusoidal modulation period controls the operating range of the LWA. In the frequency range of 8.3–15 GHz, the proposed LWA achieves a wide scanning ranging from backward −42° to forward +68° continuously. The cross-polarization of the beam is also kept at less than −30 dB during this scanning. A prototype is fabricated and measured to confirm the design, and the measured results show an agreement with the simulated one.

Cryptanalysis of Some Self-Synchronous Chaotic Stream Ciphers and Their Improved Schemes

In this paper, a cryptanalysis method that combines a chosen-ciphertext attack with a divide-and-conquer attack by traversing multiple nonzero component initial conditions (DCA-TMNCIC) is proposed. The method is used for security analysis of [Formula: see text]-D ([Formula: see text]) self-synchronous chaotic stream ciphers that employ a product of two chaotic variables and three chaotic variables ([Formula: see text]-D SCSC-2 and [Formula: see text]-D SCSC-3), taking 3-D SCSC-2 as a typical example for cryptanalysis. For resisting the combinational effect of the chosen-ciphertext attack and DCA-TMNCIC, several improved chaotic cipher schemes are designed, including 3-D SCSC based on a nonlinear nominal system (3-D SCSC-NNS) and [Formula: see text]-D SCSC based on sinusoidal modulation ([Formula: see text]-D SCSC-SM ([Formula: see text])). Theoretical security analysis validates the improved schemes.

Method for reducing the amplitudes of higher harmonics in the output voltage of the frequency converter

Modern low-voltage frequency converters, built on the principle of stand-alone inverters with pulse-width modulation, have large amplitudes of higher harmonics in the output voltage. This adversely affects the operation of an asynchronous or synchronous motor connected to such a converter, since it causes a decrease in the efficiency of the AC machine. The analysis of the reasons for the poor harmonic composition of the output voltage of traditional inverters with sinusoidal pulse-width modulation is carried out and it is noted that the main one is the introduction of "dead" time when switching half-bridges every modulation period. The proposed method of sinusoidal modulation does not require the introduction of "dead" time. The modes of operation of power transistors with this switching method and control signal diagrams are considered. Analytical expressions are found that make it possible to determine the effective value of the output voltage of the frequency converter and the coefficients of higher harmonics for the proposed method of switching power transistors. The main reason for the low effective value of the phase voltage at the output of the inverter at sinusoidal pulse-width modulation is determined - the ineffective use of the switching period. The proposed method of sinusoidal modulation does not require the introduction of "dead" time, increasing the effective value of the output voltage and reducing the total harmonic component by 75 times. The diagrams of signals that control power transistors and provide a decrease in the amplitudes of higher harmonics at the output of the frequency converter are given. An approximation by the harmonic Fourier series of the output voltage of the inverter, obtained in the case of using the proposed method of switching power transistors, is made. It is noted that for the technical implementation of sinusoidal modulation, which provides small amplitudes of higher harmonics, only two pulse-width modulators are needed.

Design and Smartphone Implementation of Chaotic Duplex H.264-Codec Video Communications

In this paper, a chaotic duplex H.264-codec-based secure video communication scheme is designed and its smartphone implementation is also carried out. First, an improved self-synchronous chaotic stream cipher algorithm equipped with a sinusoidal modulation, a multiplication, a modulo operation and a round down operation (SCSCA-SMMR) is developed. Using the sinusoidal modulation and multiplication, the improved algorithm can resist the divide-and-conquer attack by traversing multiple nonzero component initial conditions (DCA-TMNCIC). Meanwhile, also by means of the round down operation and modulo operation, on the premise that the DCA-TMNCIC does not work, the original keys cannot be further deciphered only by the known-plaintext attack, the chosen-plaintext attack and the chosen-ciphertext attack, respectively. Then, the Android low-level multimedia support infrastructure MediaCodec class is used to access low-level media encoder/decoder components and the H.264 hardware encoding/decoding is performed on real-time videos, so the chaotic video encryption and decryption can be realized in real-time by smartphones. Security analysis and smartphone experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Corticospinal correlates of hand preference for reaching during whole-body motion

Behavioral studies have shown that humans account for inertial acceleration in their decisions of hand choice when reaching during body motion. Physiologically, it is unclear at what stage of movement preparation information about body motion is integrated in the process of hand selection. Here, we addressed this question by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over motor cortex (M1) of human participants who performed a preferential reach task while they were sinusoidally translated on a linear motion platform. If M1 only represents a read-out of the final hand choice, we expect the body motion not to affect the MEP amplitude. If body motion biases the hand selection process prior to target onset, we expect corticospinal excitability to modulate with the phase of the motion, with larger MEP amplitudes for phases that show a bias to using the right hand. Behavioral results replicate our earlier findings of a sinusoidal modulation of hand choice bias with motion phase. MEP amplitudes also show a sinusoidal modulation with motion phase, suggesting that body motion influences corticospinal excitability which may ultimately reflect changes of hand preference. The modulation being present prior to target onset suggests that competition between hands is represented throughout the corticospinal tract. Its phase relationship with the motion profile suggests that other processes after target onset take up time until the hand selection process has been completely resolved, and the reach is initiated. We conclude that the corticospinal correlates of hand preference are modulated by body motion.