Interaction Law between Natural Fractures-Vugs and Acid-Etched Fracture during Steering Acid Fracturing in Carbonate Reservoirs

Steering acid fracturing is a technique that improves the conductivity of carbonate reservoir. It is widely used in a carbonate reservoir. However, due to the lack of comparative experiments, the application of steering acid to improve the fracturing results is still unknown. Therefore, a series of true triaxial acid fracturing experiments were conducted to study steering acid fracturing in carbonate reservoir. The carbonate specimens used in the experiment were from the Qixia group and Dengsi Member in Sichuan, China. In this study, slick water, cross-linked gel, and self-generating acid were used as ahead fluid to cooperate with steering acid. Experimental results show that (1) the low-viscosity ahead fluid with steering acid can result in more complex fractures; (2) the complexity of fractures is influenced by natural fracture and the viscosity of the ahead fluid; and (3) based on the 3D scanning results of the fracture surface, different ahead fluids will lead to different corrosion results. This study provides useful suggestions on steering acid fracturing design and physical simulation experiments.

Basic Phenomenal Objects, or How a Multitude of Fundamental Particles Can Be Reduced to Just One Single Basic Entity

This paper introduces a novel unification model, basic phenomenal objects (BPO), which attempts to challenge the standard model. The claim is that BPO performs well on all five major scientific virtues (i.e. simplicity, universality, consistency, empirical accuracy, fertility). Namely, for a universal theory, BPO is very simple, as it only requires one type of basic entity – the basic phenomenal object – possessing only three attributes (basic velocity, basic mutuality, basic inertia), of which the behavior is guided by only two laws (interaction law, asymmetry law). Moreover, these foundations of BPO are also consistent with important theories, such as crucial parts of general relativity and QM, can derive important empirical results (e.g. the gyro-magnetic ratio of particles), provide novel explanations (e.g. the structure of anti-matter), and state novel predictions (e.g. an upper boundary to the energy of a stable neutrino).

Strength and energy consumption of inherently anisotropic rocks at failure

Using a discrete-element approach and a bonding interaction law, we model and test crushable inherently anisotropic structures reminiscent of the layering found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. By systematically modifying the level of inherent anisotropy, we characterize the evolution of the failure strength of circular rock samples discretized using a modified Voronoi tesselation under diametral point loading at different orientations relative to the sample’s layers. We characterize the failure strength, which can dramatically increase as the loading becomes orthogonal to the rock layers. We also describe the evolution of the macroscopic failure modes as a function of the loading orientation and the energy consumption at fissuring. Our simulation strategy let us conclude that the length of bonds between Voronoi cells controls the energy being consumed in fissuring the rock sample, although failure modes and strength are considerably changing. We end up this work showing that the microstructure is largely affected by the level of inherent anisotropy and loading orientation.

A Numerical Study on Roughness-Induced Adhesion Enhancement in a Sphere with an Axisymmetric Sinusoidal Waviness Using Lennard–Jones Interaction Law

Usually, roughness destroys adhesion and this is one of the reasons why the “adhesion paradox”, i.e., a “sticky Universe”, is not real. However, at least with some special type of roughness, there is even the case of adhesion enhancement, as it was shown clearly by Guduru, who considered the contact between a sphere and a wavy axisymmetric single scale roughness, in the limit of short-range adhesion (JKR limit). Here, the Guduru’s problem is numerically solved by using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) with Lennard–Jones interaction law, which allowed us to explore the contact solution from the rigid to the JKR limit. It is shown that adhesion enhancement stops either for low Tabor parameter, or by large waviness amplitudes, due to the appearance of internal cracks within the contact patch. We do not seem to find a clear threshold for “stickiness” (complete elimination of adhesion), contrary to other recent theories on random roughness. The enhancement effect is well captured by an equation in terms of the Johnson parameter derived by Ciavarella–Kesari–Lew, and is much larger than the Persson–Tosatti enhancement in terms of increase of real contact area due to roughness. The Persson–Tosatti energetic argument for adhesion reduction seems to give a lower bound to the effective work of adhesion.

Scorpion toxin-potassium channel interaction law and its applications.

: The scorpion toxins are the largest potassium channel-blocking peptide family. The understanding of toxin binding interfaces is usually restricted by two classical binding interfaces: one is the toxin α-helix motif, the other is the antiparallel β-sheet motif. In this review, such traditional knowledge was updated by another two different binding interfaces: one is BmKTX toxin using the turn motif between the α-helix and antiparallel β-sheet domains as the binding interface, the other is Ts toxin using turn motif between the β-sheet in the N-terminal and α-helix domains as the binding interface. Their interaction analysis indicated that the scarce negatively charged residues in the scorpion toxins played a critical role in orientating the toxin binding interface. In view of the toxin negatively charged amino acids as “binding interface regulator”, the law of scorpion toxin-potassium channel interaction was proposed, that is, the polymorphism of negatively charged residue distribution determines the diversity of toxin binding interfaces. Such law was used to develop scorpion toxin-potassium channel recognition control technique. According to this technique, three Kv1.3 channel-targeted peptides, using BmKTX as the template, were designed with the distinct binding interfaces from that of BmKTX through modulating the distribution of toxin negatively charged residues. In view of the potassium channel as the common targets of different animal toxins, the proposed law was also shown to helpfully orientate the binding interfaces of other animal toxins. Clearly, the toxin-potassium channel interaction law would strongly accelerate the research and development of different potassium channelblocking animal toxins in the future.

Frobenius Structures

A Frobenius structure is a monoid together with a comonoid, which satisfies an interaction law. Frobenius structures have a powerful graphical calculus and we prove a normal form theorem that makes them easy to work with. The Frobenius law itself is justified as a coherence property between daggers and closure of a category. We prove classification theorems for dagger Frobenius structures: in Hilb in terms of operator algebras and in Rel in terms of groupoids. Of special interest is the commutative case—as for Hilbert spaces this corresponds to a choice of basis—and provides a powerful tool to model classical information. We discuss phase gates and the state transfer protocol—as well as modules for Frobenius structures—and show how we can use these to model measurement, controlled operations and quantum teleportation.

Application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the Choice of Parameters of a Micromechanical Model

The main objective of this work is to apply the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the key parameters of a micromechanical model, namely the shape parameter of inclusion (grain) (ratio =a/b) and γ viscoplastic parameter in view of a better simulation. In this work, the sensitivity of the model to parameters and γ is evaluated on the stabilized global stress during cyclic Tension-Compression (TC) loadings and out-of-phase Tension–Torsion, with a sinusoidal waveform and a phase lag of 90 between the two sinusoidal signals TT90 loadings. Indeed several values ​​of and γ are pulled thanks to these loading, we use later the PCA in order to choose the couple (, γ) adequate to launch our simulation. The model used is expressed as part of the self-consistent approach and time-dependent plasticity. Based on the Eshelby tensor, this model considers that the elastic behavior is compressible. For a polycrystalline structure, the grains are deformed by crystallographic sliding located in the most favorably oriented systems and which support a strong constrained stress . Keywords: PCA, grain shape , viscoplastic parameter γ, Self-consistent model, Non-incremental interaction law, Elasto-inelastic. TC and TT90 loading