Indian business in the colonial and postcolonial period: Quest for hegemonic influence over Indian society

This paper studies how the Indian business class, which from being among the most advanced in the world, was crushed in the colonial period and how in the colonial period itself, it made major attempts to fight back and re-establish itself. This it did by aligning with the Indian national movement and evolving a critique of imperialism. It also discusses how the business class positioned itself politically and ideologically in such a manner during the national movement and in the early years after independence that its influence over Indian society as a whole remained considerable despite a major offensive from the Left. This involved a complex enmeshing of societal interest with their long-term class interest. However, soon after the initial years of independence, the business class increasingly failed, except on a few occasions, to demonstrate a long-term view of society which would also be in their long-term interest.1

METODE PENCELUPAN NILAI BUDAYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BIPA DI POLITEKNIK NEGERI BALI

The teaching of Indonesian to speakers of other languages (BIPA) student was very interesting Indonesian cultural values. That is very meaningful to the BIPA students to enrich principle of their life. This research aims to know the exact method used in the study of cultural value so that the BIPA students was expected to be pervading the culture. This research was conducted against the ten BIPA students in the class interest State Polytechnic of Bali year 2017/2018. Questionnaires and observations method is used in data collection. This method was aided by advanced participatory techniques. The data obtained are then analyzed using the equal methods. Based on the results of the BIPA students response to some of the methods tested can be concluded that 96.3% of respondents stated that the cultural value of the immersion method applied in State Polytechnic of Bali is very worthy to support the process of BIPA learning. There are several methods that are appreciated by the students, among others: guessing pictures, running dictation, observation, video documentation, immersion, and debate. Among these methods, the immersion is the most interesting one favored by the BIPA students. They can directly feel and experience the activity in their everyday life.Keywords: immersion, culture, learning, BIPAAbstrakPara pemelajar BIPA sangat tertarik dengan nilai-nilai budaya nusantara. Pemberian nilai budaya ini sangat berarti bagi pemelajar BIPA untuk mengayakan prinsip hidupnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk dapat mengetahui metode yang tepat digunakan dalam pembelajaran nilai budaya sehingga pemelajar BIPA diharapkan dapat meresapi budaya tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap sepuluh mahasiswa pemelajar BIPA di kelas darmasiswa Politeknik Negeri Bali angkatan tahun 2017/2018. Metode kuesioner dan observasi (simak) digunakan dalam pengumpulan data. Metode ini dibantu dengan teknik lanjutan yaitu teknik simak libat cakap dan teknik simak bebas libat cakap. Data yang didapatkan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode padan. Berdasarkan hasil tanggapan pemelajar BIPA terhadap beberapa metode yang diujicobakan dapat disimpulkan bahwa 96,3 % responden menyatakan bahwa metode pencelupan nilai budaya yang diterapkan di Politeknik Negeri Bali ini sangat layak untuk mendukung proses pembelajaran BIPA. Ada beberapa metode yang diapresiasi oleh pemelajar BIPA, antara lain: tebak gambar, berlari sambil mengimla (running dictation), menyimak (observasi), dokumentasi video, pencelupan langsung (immersion), dan debat. Di antara metode tersebut, metode pencelupan langsung (immersion) paling digemari oleh pemelajar BIPA karena mereka secara langsung dapat merasakan dan mengalami dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Kata kunci: pencelupan, budaya, pembelajaran, BIPA

Between Art Academy and Entertainment Culture: Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg, John Martin, and the Sublime

This article discusses the work and the reception of the artists Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg (1740–1812) and John Martin (1789–1854), both in terms of their engagement with art as an academic discipline and in terms of their relationship to the emergent middle-class interest in the consumption of visual spectacle. A central concern in both respects was the aesthetic category of the sublime, which had been established around the mid-eighteenth century as the primary visual mode of experiencing the force and power of nature. De Loutherbourg successfully recreated sublime spectacles (for example, shipwrecks, volcanic eruptions, waterfalls, avalanches) within academy painting and stage design. Later, he invented the Eidophusikon, a multimedia device that was designed to stage dynamic natural phenomena. The Eidophusikon is thought to have influenced London’s pictorial entertainment circle, which proved inspirational for John Martin around half a century later.

Prospective Elementary Teachers’ Views on Their Teachers and Their Effectiveness

In this paper future elementary teachers reflect on their past experiences and talk about their teachers and the way they were taught, and portray the characteristics of effective and not so effective teachers. The study also highlights Turkish teachers` way of instruction and the strategies they use. Participants were 41 sophomore and 62 junior prospective elementary teachers enrolled in a small university in northeastern Turkey. Data were collected using mostly the document analysis techniques. Findings show that effective teachers are caring, loving, funny, and patient, show special in and out of class interest in students, and are fair to everyone. Not so effective teachers are out of temper, fear imposing, using abusive language, authoritarian, using violence, unfair and discriminating between students, and boring in class.

ОПЫТ ИСТОРИОГАФИЧЕСКОГО ОСМЫСЛЕНИЯ ПОСЛЕДНИХ ДЕСЯТИЛЕТИЙ

This article traces the turn in Russian historical scholarship from the “encounter” that occurred in the 1970s between historiography, the philosophy of science [naukovedenie] and class interest as an explanation for the appearance of scholarly communities of various types, to the creation of and transition to a new model of scholarship in the early twenty-first century oriented on the study of scholarly communities understood from an anthropological perspective. Analysis of various methods of studying schools of historiography in pre-revolutionary Russia enables the authors to identify the heuristic potential of a post-modern concept of a scientific or scholarly “school,” and to identify questions awaiting future research.

Die neuen Solo-Selbständigen zwischen Unternehmergeist und Prekarität

The entrepreneur is the central figure in the neoliberal discourse. The trend towards selfemployment is therefore interpretated as a sign for entrepreneurial thinking becoming the basis for general interest articluation, far beyond particular class interest. But in fact the real situation of most of the self-employed clearly points to a social position as independent workers, entangled in contradictions between self-management and a new sense of freedom on the one and harsh dependencies and self-exploitation on the other side. The article tries to elaborate on specific differences and common elements between workers and self-employed. It becomes clear, that the independent workers are part of the rising precariat and could share common interests with other precarious workers. What is needed is to overcome the very individualistic habits of the self-employed. Far from beeing sufficient, new forms of collective organisation such as the Euromayday or an Italian union for precarious independent workers are pointing into this direction.