Estimating backyard waste burning emission: A case study of Tembalang Campus, Diponegoro University

This study analyzes the distribution and amount of CO, CO2, HC, and NOx gas emissions resulting from the open burning of backyard waste in Diponegoro University. The burned waste sample is taken from surrounding environment of Diponegoro University (Tembalang Campus) by taking 4 random samples (3 kg each). Emissions from CO, CO2, HC, and NOx gases were obtained from the 24 minutes combustion test. Furthermore, the gaseous pollutant emitted is measured using a gas analyzer. The burned waste comprised 73.77% of organic waste, 17.45% of plastic; 4.33% of paper; and 4.45% of other waste. The emission test results show that the highest CO, CO2, HC, and NOx emissions have occurred at 14, 20, 18, and 18 minutes, respectively. The combustion test reveals that an enormous amount of CO, CO2, HC, and NOx gas is emitted during uncontrolled waste burning. Because backyard wastes burning produce significant gaseous pollutants, several efforts are needed to reduce this practice.

Using local micro-biota to extract biodegradable plastics from food waste through a natural fermentation process

The main problems of mankind in recent decades are the accumulation of various industrial, agricultural, and food production wastes. Their ineffective disposal and management practices have a detrimental effect on human health and cause environmental pollution, which requires urgent action. Food waste has become a complex phenomenon lately, attracting the attention of scientists, consumers, and activists. This study aims to apply the biotechnology of converting food waste into crystals of polylactic acid (PLA), a monomer for biodegradable plastic. A food waste sample is taken from the student canteen; wash, to remove impurities and fermentation of carbohydrate waste by autotrophic lactic acid bacteria in a natural process for about seven days in the optimal temperature range. Finally, lactic acid molecules polymerized by condensation reaction to form poly L-lactic acid (PLA) crystals, and then a biodegradable bioplastic.

Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfilling Practices on the Ground Water Quality and Associated Health Risks: A Case Study of Mardan-Pakistan

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of municipal solid waste (MSW) used as landfilling on the ground water quality and health effects on the community. The study was carried out in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province- Pakistan. To assess the impacts, 13 ground water samples were collected from Solid Waste Dumping Sites (SWDS) and 13 from Safe Sites (SS). Ground water was analyzed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Cl−, Ca+ 2, K+ 1, NO− 2, NO− 3, SO4 − 2; heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Fe; biological parameter such as Total Coliform. Waste sample collected from SWDS showed that food and garden waste were present highest percentage by weight (30.5%) followed by fines (17.3%). The two groups (SWDS and SS) differ significantly for the parameters like EC, TH, COD, Na, Ca, NO3− and SO4 − 2 Ni and TC. Samples collected from SWDS (84%) were found contaminated with TC ranged 2–22. It was analyzed that pH, EC, TDS, COD, TH, NO3−, SO4 − 2, NO2−, Ca+ 2, Na+, TC, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd and TC were more in the sample collected from 70–130 feet than 140–200 feet. TC found in 70–80 feet depth was significantly different from rest of the groups. Similarly, significant difference regarding different parameters for various depths was found for K+ 1, Ca+ 2, NO2−, Pb, Cu and Fe. The results of the questionnaire survey revealed negative correlation between the diseases and distance from the landfilling sites and significant correlation was observed for typhoid, cholera skin allergies and gastro enteritis. The study confirmed that using MSW as a fill material has contaminated the ground water quality and leveling of land through MSW is not safe. Deep drilling is recommended for extraction of ground water in the contaminated area to minimize the associated health risks.

Micro- Level Audit of Segregation, Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste at Source of Dhantoli, Nagpur

: A micro-level audit of the Municipal Solid Waste Management system was carried out for centrally situated Dhantoli locality of Nagpur, Maharashtra. Dhantoli being a very elite locality of Nagpur was facing problems due to increasing municipal solid waste. Waste quantification was carried out to find the total amount of waste generated per day from the locality and the percentage of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste was also determined. The waste sample was analyzed for its characteristics and its results indicated that organic waste was highest among other components of the waste. The outcomes of the audit also highlighted the lacunae in the collection and transportation system of the locality. Considering all the parameters, a decentralized composting plant was suggested for the treatment and disposal of biodegradable waste; while for the non-biodegradable waste establishment of a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) center was proposed.

Metaviromes Reveal the Dynamics of Pseudomonas Host-Specific Phages Cultured and Uncultured by Plaque Assay

Isolating single phages using plaque assays is a laborious and time-consuming process. Whether single isolated phages are the most lyse-effective, the most abundant in viromes, or those with the highest ability to make plaques in solid media is not well known. With the increasing accessibility of high-throughput sequencing, metaviromics is often used to describe viruses in environmental samples. By extracting and sequencing metaviromes from organic waste with and without exposure to a host-of-interest, we show a host-related phage community’s shift, as well as identify the most enriched phages. Moreover, we isolated plaque-forming single phages using the same virome–host matrix to observe how enrichments in liquid media correspond to the metaviromic data. In this study, we observed a significant shift (p = 0.015) of the 47 identified putative Pseudomonas phages with a minimum twofold change above zero in read abundance when adding a Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 host. Surprisingly, it appears that only two out of five plaque-forming phages from the same organic waste sample, targeting the Pseudomonas strain, were highly abundant in the metavirome, while the other three were almost absent despite host exposure. Lastly, our sequencing results highlight how long reads from Oxford Nanopore elevates the assembly quality of metaviromes, compared to short reads alone.

Metaviromes reveal the dynamics of Pseudomonas host-specific phages cultured and uncultured by plaque assay

Isolating single phages using plaque assays is a laborious and time-consuming process. Whether single isolated phages are the most lyse-effective, the most abundant in viromes, or the ones with highest ability to plaque on solid media is not well known. With the increasing accessibility of high-throughput sequencing, metaviromics is often used to describe viruses in envi-ronmental samples. By extracting and sequencing metaviromes from organic waste with and without exposure to a host-of-interest, we show a host-related phage community’s shift, as well as identify the most enriched phages. Moreover, we isolated plaque-forming single phages using the same virome-host matrix to observe how enrichments in liquid media corresponds to the metaviromic data. In this study, we observed a significant shift (p = 0.015) of the 47 identified putative Pseudomonas phages with a minimum 2-fold change above 0 in read abundance when adding a Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 host. Surprisingly, it appears that only two out of five plaque-forming phages from the same organic waste sample, targeting the Pseudomonas strain, was highly abundant in the metavirome, while the other three were almost absent despite host exposure. Lastly, our sequencing results highlights how long reads from Oxford Nanopore elevates the assembly quality of metaviromes, compared to short reads alone.

ANALISIS REDUKSI POTENSI GAS METANA (CH4) PADA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN METODE PENGOLAHAN MELALUI BIODIGESTER DAN KOLAM KONVENSIONAL

Research on the analysis of the reduction of the potential of methane gas (CH4) in the processing of palm oil mill effluent with the method of processing through Biodigester and Conventional ponds. Palm oil mill waste management system PT. The Indo Palm Fertile Core which reduces CH4 by splitting the effluent out of the inlet is divided into 2 lines, each pathway of the system aims to reduce methane gas (CH4) that comes from the degradation of organic matter present in the liquid waste. Sample analysis was taken from 6 palm oil mill waste processing ponds owned by PT. Inti Indosawit Subur Pelalawan. In this study the authors calculated repetition of sampling conducted using the Slovin technique. The measured parameters of wastewater are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH and temperature in each pond that affects the formation of methane gas and carbon dioxide. Analysis of methane gas is determined in 1 way namely theoretically using equations and using the Biogas 5,000 Gas Analyzer tool. Calculation of methane gas potential (CH4) is carried out to find out how much the potential of methane gas (CH4) in each WWTP pond. From the calculation of the potential emissions of methane gas (CH4) it will be known how much reduction in methane gas (CH4) in the treatment of liquid waste in PKS PT. Inti Indosawit Subur Pelalawan Regency. Results of COD anasis and methane gas potential in biodigesters The average value of COD loading on Biodigester per day in September at the time of sampling was 24,884 kg / day. Potential emissions of methane captured in the Biodigester is 7,838.46 Nm3 / Day. The percentage of potential methane emissions in the Biodigester per day is 31.5%. Whereas the highest methane gas pool was found in pond 3, which is 6.4 Nm3 / day, which was calculated theoretically with a percentage of methane gas emissions of 0.011%. However, if measured using a tool, the percentage of potential methane gas in a 3 COD pool of 58,112 mg / L is 0% at a temperature of 35 ° C and a pH of 8.38. The highest methane gas emissions occur in pond 3 during the daytime with a value of 6.4 Nm3 / Day on the first day, 6.95 Nm3 / Day on the second day, 6.41 Nm3 / Day on the third day and 6.67 Nm3 / Day on the fourth day, the potential emissions of the biodigester have been calculated by the company. The potential of methane emissions captured in Biodigester is 7,838.46 Nm3 / Day with the percentage of potential methane emissions in Biodigester an average of 31.5% per day. The highest value of methane gas emissions during the 4 days of the study was 6.95 Nm3 / day on the second day taken at noon with a pool temperature of 35 ͦ C.