The Importance of Regulation in Natural Immunity to HIV

Worldwide, most Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections are acquired through heterosexual intercourse, and in sub-Saharan Africa, 59% of new HIV infections affect women. Vaccines and microbicides hold promise for preventing the acquisition of HIV. To this end, the study of HIV highly exposed seronegative (HESN) female commercial sex workers (CSWs), who constitute a model of natural immunity to HIV, provides an exceptional opportunity to determine important clues for the development of preventive strategies. Studies using both female genital tract (FGT) and peripheral blood samples of HESN CSWs, have allowed identifying distinct features, notably low-inflammatory patterns associated with resistance to infection. How this seemingly regulated response is achieved at the initial site of HIV infection remains unknown. One hypothesis is that populations presenting regulatory profiles contribute to the orchestration of potent anti-viral and low-inflammatory responses at the initial site of HIV transmission. Here, we view to update our knowledge regarding this issue.

Prevalence of Sexual Assault and Use of Emergency Contraceptives Among Female Commercial Sex Workers in Dodoma city, Central Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Female Commercial Sex Workers (FCSW) are in a constant risk of being abused by their customers or community. With the increased rate of unwanted pregnancies signify the problem in preventive measures and emergency contraception. This study aimed on assessing prevalence of sexual assault and use of emergency contraceptives among female commercial sex workers in Dodoma city, Tanzania. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 326 female commercial sex workers with a snow ball sampling technique in 10 administrative wards of Dodoma city where by selection of 10 wards from 41 total wards was performed systematically through excel. Results Majority of study respondents 58% were aged between 21 to 31 years. More than a half (51.8%) had experienced sexual assault and majority (64.4%) had never used emergency contraceptives. There was significant relationship between use of emergency contraceptives with variable like ever being pregnant (p = 0.002), ever used drug (p < 0.001), level of education (p = 0.009) and ever heard about emergency contraceptives (p < 0.001). After adjusting for the confounders, the determinants of emergency contraceptives use among female commercial sex workers were level of education; ordinary secondary education (AOR = 0.373 at 95% CI = 0.158–0.878, p = 0.024), College level of education (AOR = 0.131 at 95% CI = 0.036–0.469, p = 0.002), ever used drug (AOR = 0.197 at 95% CI = 0.197–0.608, p < 0.001) and ever heard about emergency contraceptives (AOR = 6.2 at 95% CI = 3.443–11.17,p < 0.001). Conclusion FCSW suffer a significant sexual assault which most of them are afraid to report these assaults basing on the nature of worker being illegal. Most of them heard about emergency contraceptives but few of them are consuming them in their protection against unwanted and unplanned pregnancy.

Experiences of Female Commercial Sex Workers in Marabastad, Pretoria

This paper discusses critically the experiences of the female commercial sex workers in Marabastad, Pretoria in South Africa. Even though commercial sex work is illegal in South Africa, evidence suggests that some women practice it owing to various factors and an investigative analysis of engaging in such an illegal activity in South Africa needs thorough investigation. This paper aims at providing synthesis on the bio-psychosocial benefits and risks of commercial sex work for women involved in it. A qualitative research approach was adopted which purposely interviewed nine women who practised commercial sex work in Marabastad. Due to secrecy in commercial sex work, snowball sampling was also employed to ensure that only women involved in the practice would be accessed to reach data saturation point for the study. Data were analysed thematically to capture the experiences of women. The findings showed that even though women practise commercial sex work in Marabastad, risks are more experienced than the benefits. Unpleasant life circumstances were revealed as the most compelling reasons women practised commercial sex work despite the inevitable bio-psychosocial consequences.&nbsp; This paper recommends various multi-sectorial approaches to ameliorate the consequences experienced by women practicing commercial sex work in Marabastad in South Africa.

Suicide Attempts and Pattern Among the Beginners and Established Female Commercial Sex Workers

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the pattern of suicide and extent of depression among female commercial sex workers (CSWs). Methodology: 200 female CSWs classified as beginners and established depending on the number of years of sex work were referred to Victoria Hospital in Bengaluru, India, by an NGO called Swathi Mane which works for the betterment of these women. Results: The pattern of suicide and the number of attempts among both the groups were different indicating that the number of years of sex work played a major role among these women in deciding the number of attempts and pattern of suicide. The reasons for attempting suicide also are interesting to the fact that the women who are new to this profession suffer from depression and guilt and attempt suicide, while women who are into this profession for quite some time now are accustomed to this trade and have lesser or no suicide attempts. The depression scores among these two groups were also higher as per Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores.

UPAYA PREVENTIF DAN REPRESIF TERHADAP PROSTITUSI ONLINE BERDASARKAN PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UDANGAN YANG BERLAKU DI INDONESIA

The crime of online prostitution is a renewal of conventional prostitution. If conventional prostitution only uses one place facility/building to run an illegitimate business. In contrast, online prostitution only uses technological, the internet that makes it easier for prospective users with male / female commercial sex workers (PSK) or between potential users with pimps, PSK service brokers. The mode used is to use the means of electronic information exchange, photo exchange, video and finally meet in one place to have intimate relationships and make payments for these services. This writing uses a normative juridical method, analyzes the laws and regulations that apply to legal phenomena, online prostitution. The Conclutions are: there are factors that cause online prostitution: 1. internal factors such as family factors and friendships; 2. External factors such as avoiding tracking officers and economic factors to obtain large amounts of money but quickly. Preventive efforts can be made through educational facilities, means of economic equality & employment in the informal sector, increasing social & cultural awareness starting from the neighborhood of Neighborhood Groups (RT), supervising boarding houses or apartments / flats so as not to be misused as a place of prostitution. Whereas the repressive efforts that can be carried out are through means of providing legal sanctions based on the prevailing laws and regulations, online prostitutes, both users of commercial sex workers, prostitutes and pimps. The purpose of the criminal sanctions is to make deterrence, so that no other people will carry out online prostitution & so that these former prisoners can be well received in society.

COMPARISON OF HPV DETECTION USING HC-II METHOD WITH PAP SMEAR SCREENING IN COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS IN KEDIRI

Female commercial sex workers are females that have multiple sexual partners and have high risk due to exposure to blood, semen, and vaginal discharge contaminated with microorganisms causing sexually transmitted disease such as infection caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). This behavior creates a high susceptibility for commercial sex workers in obtaining HPV, which is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in females in Indonesia, which is why screening, especially for females with a high risk such as commercial sex workers, must be done. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the detection methods of HPV using Hybrid capture-II (HC-II) in order to find out high risks HPV types (type 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39,45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68) by Pap smear done in commercial sex workers in Campurejo Kediri Public Health Center. This study was a descriptive observational experiment with a cross-sectional method. The samples of this experiment were 47 female commercial sex workers, whose detection of HPV using HC-II method was done at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of the Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya, where 32 samples showed positive results (68.1%) and were infected with high-risk HPV and 15 negative results (31.9%), from the Pap smear three samples (6.4%) showed dysplasia (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia/CIN 1) and 44 samples (93.6%) showed normal smears with inflammation or infection in the cervix. Statistically showed a significant difference between the results of HC-II and Papsmear (p=0.000).