The mental map as an instrument to define indicators in complex systems: an application on the environmental knowledge of local horticultural farmers

The reductionist and disciplinary paradigm of the Green Revolution coexists with the emerging paradigm of complexity, which values the holistic and the interdisciplinary. Agroecology promotes the need to understand the multiple biophysical relationships that exist in agroecosystems, and this calls for the development of new methodological tools. Sustainability indicators are an example of this. However, their implementation is not simple, as this requires an instrument to simplify the construction of such indicators. The objective of this work is to use the “mental map” as a guide for the development and application of indicators. The graph follows the conceptual path that facilitates the understanding of the variable and its breakdown into smaller and measurable units of analysis, i.e. the indicators. The created mental map has two stages: the development of indicators and their application. Its utility is presented in a case study that addresses local environmental knowledge (LEK). The results of this work show that complexity can be translated into quantifiable, measurable, and comparable variables, without this representing the loss of its characteristics. In addition, it proves that the created tool facilitates the evaluation and understanding of the functioning of agroecosystems, which contributes to decision-making.

Influence of the professional-pedagogical community on the activities of a modern teacher

The paper shows that the dynamically occurring changes in education dictate all new requirements for teachers, for the fulfillment of which it is necessary to integrate their efforts within the professional and pedagogical community. The aim of the study was to study the role of the professional pedagogical community in the activities of the teacher. With the help of content analysis of scientific articles, numerous and disparate categories describing the concept of a professional pedagogical community were considered, their synthesis was made in the form of a mental map, the analysis of which made it possible to clarify the influence of the ethos of the professional pedagogical community on the content of the activity of an individual teacher. Based on a review of the functions carried out by the teacher, given in the normative documents regulating the activities of the educational sphere, the substantiation of the requirements for the teachers competencies is given. The comparison of professional tasks solved by teachers (methodological, informational and communicative-regulatory directions) made it possible to find their consistency with the tasks of the professional pedagogical community (self-development and community management, development of the teaching profession in general), which makes it a promising tool for solving modern pedagogical problems. The developed mental map, which clearly demonstrates the relationship between the characteristics used to describe the professional pedagogical community, can be used by researchers to further study the phenomenon of the professional pedagogical community.

Mental Map of Hryhoriy Galagan: Territorial and Ethnonational Structuring in Ukrainian Nobleman’s World View (mid-1830s — mid-1860s)

The article examines the spatial structures and related images of ethno-national communities in the world view of Hryhoriy Pavlovych Galagan (1819–1888), a representative of the Ukrainian local nobility and a prominent public figure. The research methodology includes the achievements of modern humanitarian geography, first of all the method of mental mapping, which allows to study the spatial structures in the world view of the individual, taking into account his socio-cultural environment. The research is based on ego-documents — diaries and correspondence from the Galagan family archive. Special attention is paid to toponymes and ethnonymes in these texts. It is shown that the spatial representations of Hryhoriy Galagan were a complex system that developed under the influence of the socio-cultural sphere in which he lived. Thus, humanitarian geography is represented as a discursive practice due to social and political interests. The article deals, in particular, with such spatial constructs as “Little Russia”, “Ukraine”, “Russia”, “Rus”, “Europe”, as well as related communities — “Little Russia people”, “Russian people”, “Europeans”. Galagan’s spatial and ethno-national ideas are shown as a very dynamic system that was constantly changing under the influence of socio-political and ideological movements, such as the Polish uprisings of 1830–1831 and 1863–1864, the rise of Slavophilia and Ukrainophilia. Attention is paid to the importance of travel for the development of the system of spatial and ethno-national structures. In addition, the conditionality of this system with ideas about history is proved. The issues raised in this article will contribute to further in-depth research in cultural anthropology, as well as be useful to historians working in the biographical genre.

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE ALIEN: NATIONAL STEREOTYPES OF GEOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS AS A BASIS FOR CARICATURED VISUALIZATION OF IDEAS ABOUT SPACE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Рассматривается, как построение визуальных образов, отражающих культурные стереотипы, в то же время создает культурную карту. Анализируя взаимовлияние национальных стереотипов на уровне обыденного сознания, формируемых посредством преподавания географии, с одной стороны, и визуальную риторику Чужого, воплощенную в карикатуре, – с другой, мы фиксируем взаимные изменения обоих. Наша задача – воссоздать систему визуальных образов в политической карикатуре короткого периода истории русской культуры, названного империализмом, когда идеология романтического национализма, выражавшаяся в активном колониальном переделе мира, протекционизме, была на пике, то есть последнего десятилетия XIX века, фактически завершившегося в политической истории России русско-японской войной (1904) и началом первой русской революции (1905). Для выявления сложившихся национальных стереотипов привлекаются описания ментальных особенностей различных стран (народов) из российских учебников географии, использовавшихся для преподавания накануне исследуемого периода. Такой подход является новым для изучения политической карикатуры и приводит к неожиданным выводам. Авторы учебников исходят из романтической установки, что определения носят характер сущностных, неотъемлемых, а значит, изображение любого представителя является изображением каждого представителя народа (страны). Другими словами, учебники географии транслируют общие национальные стереотипы о других народах, фиксировавшиеся с помощью преподавания на уровне обыденного сознания, что позволяет понимать юмор карикатурных изображений практически всем. Карикатура является продолжением культурного или политического дискурса, чьи установки она транслирует, поэтому именно карикатурные визуальные образы и позволяют исследователю выявить типическое (стереотипное) содержание в повседневной культуре (на уровне обыденного сознания) и определить черты культурного и политического дискурса того периода, а также зафиксировать какие-либо изменения в стереотипах (правда, такие изменения могут произойти только под воздействием каких-то глобальных событий, таких как революция). В статье показывается, как ментальная карта мира из учебника географии, где в центре находится Россия, конкретизируется и трансформируется в ментальную карту мира, где существуют стереотипные чудовища – Другие, легко трансформируемые во врагов, а научный дискурс того периода легко трансформируется в инструмент политической пропаганды. Исследование строится от общего описания исторического и политического контекста, исследовательских установок, основных характеристик имагологического дискурса в карикатуре к рассмотрению более конкретных примеров, сопоставлению национальных стереотипов из учебников географии Германии, Франции, Турции, Японии, Китая с национальными стереотипами, фиксировавшимися карикатуристами в отношении этих же стран. The article discusses how constructing visual images that reflect cultural stereotypes simultaneously creates a cultural (mental) map. The objective of the paper is to reconstruct the system of visual images in political caricatures of a short period of history of Russian culture (the last decade of the 19th century and the first five years of the 20th century) culminating in fact in the Russo-Japanese war (1904) and the first Russian revolution (1905). Then the ideology of romantic nationalism was at its peak. That period is referred to as imperialism because it was characterized by an active colonial redivision of the world and protectionism. To reveal the main national stereotypes, the article draws on descriptions of the mental characteristics of various countries (peoples) from Russian geography textbooks used for teaching on the eve of the analyzed period. Attracting geography textbooks as a source of national stereotypes for political caricature studies is a new approach, and it leads to unexpected conclusions. The authors of textbooks proceed from the romantic attitude that definitions are essential, integral, which means that the image of any representative is the image of every representative of the population (country). Geography textbooks transmit common national stereotypes about other peoples, which, by teaching, are fixed at the level of everyday consciousness. It allows almost everyone to understand the humor of caricature images. Caricature is a continuation of the cultural or political discourse whose attitudes it translates, so it is caricature visual images that allow the researcher to identify (stereo)typical content in everyday culture (at the level of everyday consciousness), determine the features of the cultural and political discourse of that period, and record any changes in stereotypes. The article shows how the mental map of the world from the geography textbook in which Russia is located in the center is concretized and transformed into an everyday mental map of the world that has stereotypical monsters-Others, easily transformed into enemies. The scientific discourse of that period is easily transformed into a tool of political propaganda. The research develops from the general description of the historical and political context, research attitudes, and the main characteristics of imagological discourse in caricature to the consideration of more specific examples, comparisons of national stereotypes from geography textbooks (Germany, France, Turkey, Japan, and China) with national stereotypes recorded by caricaturists in relation to these countries.

Morfologi dan Citra Kota Kawasan Kauman, Kecamatan Juwana, Kabupaten Pati

ENGLISHPhysical elements to form city image that can be perceived through the function, location, and character of a certain urban area, are the keys to obtain the image of city. Kauman is a developing urban area in Juwana Sub-district, Pati Regency. This research aims to identify the elements of urban morphology and the forming elements of the city image in Kauman through the mental map method, based on the perceptions, experiences, memories, and feelings of its community. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach. This study used Trancik’s theory to investigate urban morphology and used Lynch's theory to identify the forming elements of the city image. The urban morphology of Kauman was arranged as follows: solid elements were found in figure-ground, 1 point single block, and 2 groups at Jalan W.R. Supratman as multiple blocks. Meanwhile, void elements found 2 points. Linkage elements found a point. There are 3 styles of architecture still founded in Kauman, including Colonial, Javanese traditional, and Chinese style. Based on the analysis of the physical elements forming the Kauman Juwana image, it is arranged through 13 objects, there are 2 path elements, 4 edge elements, 3 district elements, 1 node element, and 3 landmark elements. INDONESIAElemen fisik pembentuk citra kota yang dapat dirasakan melalui fungsi, lokasi, dan karakter merupakan kunci untuk mengetahui gambaran citra kota tersebut. Kauman merupakan kawasan perkotaan di Kecamatan Juwana, Kabupaten Pati yang terus mengalami perkembangan berikut citranya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi elemen morfologi kota dan elemen pembentuk citra kota di Kauman melalui metode peta mental berdasarkan persepsi, pengalaman, ingatan, dan perasaan masyarakat Kauman. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Penelitian ini mengkaji elemen morfologi kota berdasarkan teori Trancik dan elemen pembentuk citra kota berdasarkan teori Lynch. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa morfologi Kota Kauman disusun melalui objek sebagai berikut elemen solid ditemukan pada figure ground, blok tunggal 1 titik, dan blok ganda ditemukan 2 kelompok di koridor Jalan W. R. Supratman, sedangkan elemen void ditemukan 2 elemen; linkage ditemukan 3 elemen; dan place ditemukan 1 titik. Penampakan bangunan berkarakter kuat yang mewakili suatu langgam atau gaya bangunan tertentu yang ditemukan yaitu bangunan bergaya Kolonial, Tradisional Jawa, dan Cina. Berdasarkan analisis, elemen fisik pembentuk citra Kauman Juwana disusun melalui 13 objek, meliputi 2 elemen jalur (path), 4 elemen batas (edge), 3 elemen kawasan (district), 1 elemen titik temu (nodes), dan 3 elemen penanda kawasan (landmark).

The Making of a Marian Geography of Grace for Greek Catholics in the Polish Crownlands of the 17th–18th Centuries

This article explores the ways in which the newly founded and highly contested Christian confession of the Greek Catholics or Uniates employed strategies of mass mobilization to establish and maintain their position within a contested confessional terrain. The Greek Catholic clerics, above all monks of the Basilian order fostered an active policy of acquiring, founding and promoting Marian places of grace in order to create and invigorate a sense of belonging among their flock. The article argues that folk ideological notions concerning the spatial and physical conditions for the working of miracles were seized upon by the Greek Catholic faithful to establish a mental map of grace of their own. Especially, the Basilian order took particular care to organize mass events (annual pilgrimages, coronation celebrations for miraculous images) and promote Marian devotion through miracle reports and icon songs in an attempt to define what it means to be a Greek Catholic in terms of sacred territoriality.

Group Supervision in Psychotherapy - Development Stages, Development Phases of the Supervisory Relationship and the Supervisee’s Development Levels

The organisation and supervision of a group of therapists, during a long period of time, are commitments that the supervisor thinks about both before starting the activity with the group and throughout the existence of the group. Supervision models can provide a mental map accordingly used by the supervisor in the journey with each supervisee, but also with the group as a whole. During each supervision session, the supervisor places the group as a whole in a development stage (coagulation, maturation, final) and identifies at the stage of development for the supervisory relationship [1] with each member of the group and with his/her level of development [2], but also with the entire group, adapting his/her style to the characteristics of each supervisee, but also to the characteristics of the group as a whole. The learning alliance is the centre of the supervision relationship. The aim of the paper is to integrate the development stages of the supervision group with the development phases of the supervisory relationship and with the supervisee’s development levels. The paper is based on our practical activity as supervisors in group supervision.