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Author(s):  
Guo-Na Yu ◽  
Guang-Yu Yi ◽  
Wei-Bin Cui ◽  
Lian-Lian Zhang ◽  
Xue-Si Li ◽  
...  

Abstract We investigate the quantum transmission through the n-p-n heterojunction of massive 8-Pmmn borophene. It is found that the Dirac mass of the electron interacts with the anisotropy of the 8-Pmmn borophene, leading to the occurrence of new transmission behaviors in this n-p-n heterojunction. Firstly, the effective energy range of nonzero transmission can be reduced but deviates from the mass amplitude, which induces the further controllability of the transmission property. Secondly, even if the equal-energy surfaces in the p and n parts do not encounter in the k-space, finite transmission is allowed to occur as well. In addition, the existence of Dirac mass can change the reflection manner from the retroreflection to the specular reflection under appropriate conditions.


Author(s):  
Ágnes Urbin ◽  
Balázs Vince Nagy

In this paper, Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs) of color-normal subjects measured towards the Protan, Deutan, and Tritan confusion points are presented as a function of the chromaticity of the reference points. Measurements were executed with the Cambridge Colour Test Trivector test in equidistant reference points towards eight directions equally spaced and centered on the neutral reference point in the CIE 1976 UCS diagram.Results were evaluated as the function of the distance between the reference points and the neutral point. The reference points were the chromaticities of the backgrounds of the pseudoisochromatic plates in the test, and the neutral point was defined as equal energy white. The evaluation was performed considering ∆Eu'v' differences and L/(L + M) and S/(L + M) ratios of the cone-excitations.Chromatic discrimination thresholds exceeded the normative upper limit of color normal subjects in ∆Eu'v' units at extreme reference points. Shifting the reference points from the neutral point towards the confusion points indicated an increase of Just Noticeable Differences measured towards the confusion points following second-order polynomials. Based on our results a model estimating the JNDs expressed in ∆Eu'v' units towards the confusion points was recommended.Even though CIE 1976 UCS diagram is not a perceptually uniform color space, the Just Noticeable Differences measured with the CCT correlate with the corresponding L' and S' cone excitations. This confirms the basic applicability of the CIE 1976 UCS diagram for characterizing Just Noticeable Differences. For complete perceptual analysis, the use of cone-excitation-based metrics is still essential and recommended.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8215
Author(s):  
Jan Pokorný ◽  
Jiří Pokorný ◽  
Jan Vrba

The general mechanism of controlling, information and organization in biological systems is based on the internal coherent electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field is supposed to be generated by microtubules composed of identical tubulin heterodimers with periodic organization and containing electric dipoles. We used a classical dipole theory of generation of the electromagnetic field to analyze the space–time coherence. The structure of microtubules with the helical and axial periodicity enables the interaction of the field in time shifted by one or more periods of oscillation and generation of coherent signals. Inner cavity excitation should provide equal energy distribution in a microtubule. The supplied energy coherently excites oscillators with a high electrical quality, microtubule inner cavity, and electrons at molecular orbitals and in ‘semiconduction’ and ‘conduction’ bands. The suggested mechanism is supposed to be a general phenomenon for a large group of helical systems.


Author(s):  
Fatma Ulfatun Najicha

In its development, the management of oil and gas in Indonesia has undergone several policy developments. The enactment of Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas has become a new chapter in the regulation of oil and gas in Indonesia. This law wants to emphasize that national development must be directed to the realization of people's welfare by carrying out reforms in all fields of national and state life. This article finds that the law has affirmed the objectives of natural gas management to increase state income, create jobs, improve the welfare and prosperity of the people in a just and equitable manner, and maintain the environmental sustainability. However, gas management must be carried out carefully and should be free from liberalization schemes that can bring about social injustice and failure to achieve people's welfare. The Constitutional Court's decision, which has annulled the articles in the law, is imperative to do the legal reconstruction by ensuring laws that create happiness for the people.Keywords: Oil; Natural Gas; Equal Energy; Management Policy. 


Author(s):  
Andrzej Okolewski ◽  
Barbara Blazejczyk-Okolewska

AbstractSoft and hard impact models applied to modeling of vibro-impact systems with a moving base are discussed. The conditions under which two collision models are equivalent in terms of equal energy dissipation are derived. These conditions differ from those presented in the literature. It is shown that in the case of a stiff, harmonically moving base with a low rate of energy dissipation, both methods yield the same results, but an application of the soft impact model to either the base with low stiffness or even the stiff base with a high rate of energy dissipation leads to different results from the ones for the hard impact model.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaan Suerdem ◽  
Tolga Taner ◽  
Ozgen Acikgoz ◽  
Ahmet Selim Dalkilic ◽  
Somchai Wongwises

Abstract This study analyzes six different refrigerants with different characteristics using the same rooftop air conditioner considering the environmental effects unlike other studies. All evaluations are drafted in two different scenarios, thanks to the equal refrigerant charge amount and equal energy consumption to make the performance review more accurate. Cooling capacity, energy consumption, temperature and pressure values are obtained through a numerical simulation program so as to obtain performance values. In order to prove the accuracy of the values obtained from the simulation program, the rooftop air conditioner using R410A refrigerant is tested in the laboratory environment. The Life Cycle Climate Performance method is used for environmental analyses to calculate the carbon emissions of six different refrigerants in two different scenarios. These experimental tests are carried out at outdoor temperatures of 20ºC, 25ºC, 30ºC and 35ºC. The maximum difference in cooling capacity, energy consumption and energy efficiency is determined as 2.8% between simulation and experimental outputs. According to the results from and equal refrigerant charged and equal energy consumption scenarios, R410A, R454B and R32 refrigerants are found to have better cooling capacities than other refrigerants in performance analyses.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasilios Pallikaras ◽  
Francis Carter ◽  
David Natanael Velázquez Martínez ◽  
Andreas Arvanitogiannis ◽  
Peter Shizgal

AbstractBackgroundOptogenetic experiments reveal functional roles of specific neurons. However, such inferences have been restricted by widespread adoption of a fixed set of stimulation parameters. Broader exploration of the parameter space can deepen insight into the mapping between selective neural activity and behavior. In this way, characteristics of the activated neurons, such as temporal integration, can be inferred.ObjectiveTo determine whether an equal-energy principle accounts for the interaction of pulse duration and optical power in optogenetic excitation.MethodsSix male TH::Cre rats worked for optogenetic (ChannelRhodopsin-2) stimulation of Ventral Tegmental Area dopamine neurons. We used a within-subject design to describe the trade-off between pulse duration and optical power in determining reward seeking. Parameters were customized for each subject on the basis of behavioral effectiveness.ResultsWithin a useful range of powers (~12.6-31.6 mW) the product of optical power and pulse duration required to produce a given level of reward seeking was roughly constant. Such reciprocity is consistent with Bloch’s law, which posits an equal-energy principle of temporal summation over short durations in human vision. The trade-off between pulse duration and power broke down at higher powers.ConclusionsOptical power can be substituted for pulse duration to scale the region of neuronal excitation in behavioral optogenetic experiments. Power and duration can be adjusted reciprocally for brief durations and lower powers. The findings demonstrate the utility of within-subject and trade-off designs in optogenetics and of parameter adjustment based on functional endpoints instead of physical properties of the stimulation.HighlightsWe provide behaviorally derived intensity-duration curves for ChannelRhodopsin-2.Duration trades off almost perfectly with power within useful ranges.This trade-off breaks down at high optical powers.Pulse duration and optical power scale the area of neuronal excitation equivalently.Behaviorally derived trade-offs can reveal optogenetic excitation mechanisms.


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