Relações Executivo-Legislativo na Perspectiva da Medida Provisória no Brasil e do Decreto-Lei em Portugal

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the relationship between the executive and legislative branches from the comparison between the presidential system adopted in Brazil and the semi-presidential system in force in Portugal. The research seeks to identify whether different systems of government produce different results in the capacity of the executive branch to intervene and direct legislative production. To produce a comparison between the two countries, the prerogative of the Brazilian president to produce Provisional Measures was used as an analysis variable and in the Portuguese case the production of Decree-Laws initiated by the Prime Minister. The research comprised the post-democratic period in the two countries, covering 26 years in Brazil and 37 years in Portugal. The results found demonstrate the high capacity that the Portuguese Prime Minister finds to direct legislative production, but this has not remained stable over time. In Brazil, the President’s ability to obtain legislative support for his initiative projects is quite precarious, but this resource has remained stable throughout the analyzed period Keywords: Brazil; Portugal; standard production; Government system; powers

Legislative production and public spending in France

The aim of this article is to help explain the history of the public spending-to-GDP ratio in France by examining the production of laws and regulations. It empirically finds a positive and significant relationship between the number of pages in the Official Gazette of the French Republic and the development of the public expenditure-to-GDP ratio. We rely on the number of pages in the Official Gazette as a proxy for the cost of implementing laws and regulations. If unchecked, a proliferation of laws and regulations expands public spending. Over the period 1905–2015, a 10% increase in pages caused a 1.14% increase in the public expenditure-to-GDP ratio.

Produção legislativa e constituição de políticas para a formação de professores no Brasil

O presente estudo é parte de pesquisa de mestrado sobre políticas de formação de professores da Educação Básica, a partir da produção legislativa instituída e instituinte do Congresso Nacional brasileiro, vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação e Contemporaneidade, da Universidade do Estado da Bahia. Objetivou analisar as propostas de políticas para formação de professores da Educação Básica presentes na produção legislativa instituinte das 53ª e 54ª Legislatura do Congresso Nacional. Foi realizada pesquisa documental junto à base de dados do Senado Federal e da Câmara dos Deputados, que mapeou 41 proposições de autoria do poder legislativo. Os dados foram analisados a partir de sete categorias temáticas: nível superior como lócus da formação de professores, formação específi ca na área em que atua, inclusão de conteúdos nos currículos dos cursos de formação, formação continuada, formação continuada por iniciativa individual investimento pessoal, formação e valorização profi ssional e avaliação docente. Os resultados sugerem a fragilidade deste poder na regulamentação da formação de professores no país, tanto por não terem nenhuma proposição aprovada, quanto pela superfi cialidade ou generalidade das proposições apresentadas.Palavras-chave: Poder legislativo. Política pública. Formação de professores. Educação básica.Legislative production and constitution of policies for the training of teachers in BrazilAbstracThe present study is part of a master’s research on policies for the training of Basic Education teachers, based on the legislative production instituted and instituting the Brazilian National Congress, linked to the Postgraduate Program in Education and Contemporaneity of the State University of Bahia. Aims to analyze the proposals of policies for the training of teachers present in the legislative production of basic education in the 53rd and 54th Legislatures of the National Congress. Document research was conducted with the database of the Senate and the Parliament, identified the 41 propositions authored by the legislature. The data were analyzed from seven thematic categories: higher level as locus of teacher training, specific training in the area in which it act, inclusion of content in the curricula of training courses, continuing training, continuing training by individual initiative personal investment, training and professional appreciation and teacher evaluation. The results suggest the fragility of this power in the regulation of teacher training in the country, both because they have no approved proposition and because of the superficiality or generality of the proposals presented.Keywords: Legislative power. Public policy. Teacher training. Basic education.Producción legislativa y constitución de políticas para la formación de profesores en BrasilResumenEl presente estudio es parte de una investigación de maestría sobre políticas de formación de profesores de la Educación Básica, a partir de la producción legislativa instituida e instituyente del Congreso Nacional brasileño, vinculada al Programa de Postgrado en Educación y Contemporaneidad de la Universidad del Estado de Bahía. Objetivó analizar las propuestas de políticas para la formación de profesores de la Educación Básica presentes en la producción legislativa instituyente de la 53ª y 54ª Legislatura del Congreso Nacional. Se realizó una investigación documental junto a la base de datos del Senado Federal y de la Cámara de Diputados, que asignó 41 proposiciones de autoría del poder legislativo. Los datos fueron analizados a partir de siete categorias temáticas: nivel superior como locus de la formación de profesores, formación específica en el área en que actúa, inclusión de contenidos en los currículos de los cursos de formación, formación continuada, formación continuada por iniciativa individual inversión personal, formación y valorización profesional y evaluación docente. Los resultados sugieren la fragilidad de este poder en la regulación de la formación de profesores en el país, tanto por no tener ninguna proposición aprobada, como por la superficialidad o generalidad de las proposiciones presentadas.Palabras clave: Poder legislativo. Política pública. Formación de profesores. Educación básica.

Rule of Law, New Technologies and Cyberpopulism

The Rule of Law has relied on important institutes of this new time, such as the political representation, the mechanisms for controlling legislative production, the political parties and the liberalism as the ideology of the market, proposing the breaking of arbitrariness and the promotion of equality - even if initially only formal - and freedom - above all individual. This paper is about common issues of the rule of law, as the salvationist populism and rhetoric as an alternative to permanent fear and characteristics of fascism and its practical adoption by populism.

Trends and sources of international taxation = Tendencias y fuentes de la fiscalidad internacional

International Tax Law has grown significantly and this has caused a considerable in­crease in the importance of the legislative production affecting it, through both national and internatio­nal rules. Within those rules of international origin, conventions intended to avoid international double taxation stand out, essentially those following the OECD model. Along with this and also within Eu­ropean Union law, there has been a significant structuring of the rules involving international taxation. That said, we can never lose sight -upon the basis of the dogmatic structuring of international taxation- of the General International Law rules affecting it. These may occasionally be overshadowed by the rules of the countless international conventions on the matter, but the former rules cannot cease to be taken as the basis. Therefore, the globalized structuring of international taxation cannot ignore the gene­ral principles upon which it will be based, either as direct sources in matters of international tax law, or as a sub-discipline within tax law proper. Indeed, the national structuring of international tax law cannot be carried out just by taking into consideration the legislative results of globalization, but also by never losing sight of the principles that lead to general international law tax matters. Even though globaliza­tion as a process begins to play a greater role in tax law issues, the country’s national examination of international tax law cannot divert from the general basis of this tax law sub-discipline.Keywords: International taxation, Financial and Tax Law, International Tax Law, General International Law, sources of Law.Resumen: La fiscalidad internacional ha experimentado un gran crecimiento, aumentando con­siderablemente el volumen de producción normativa que le afecta, ya se trate de normas de origen internacional o de normas de origen interno. Dentro de las fuentes de origen internacional que le afec­tan, destacan especialmente los convenios para evitar la doble imposición internacional, esencialmente siguiendo el Modelo de la OCDE. Junto a ello, también dentro de la disciplina jurídica de la Unión Eu­ropea se ha producido un importante desarrollo de las normas que afectan a la fiscalidad internacional. Ahora bien, en la base de la construcción dogmática de la fiscalidad internacional no se deben perder de vista las normas de Derecho Internacional General que le afectan, ensombrecidas a veces por las normas de los numerosísimos convenios internacionales en la materia, pero que éstos no pueden dejar de tomar como base. Así pues, el desarrollo globalizado de la fiscalidad internacional no puede desconocer los principios generales que le deben servir de base, ya sea como fuentes directas en materia de fiscalidad internacional, ya sea como bases esenciales sobre las que conformar la fiscalidad internacional, como subdisciplina dentro de la disciplina tributaria. Incluso el desarrollo a nivel interno de la fiscalidad inter­nacional no se puede hacer sólo tomando en consideración los resultados normativos del fenómeno de la globalización, sino que debe hacerse también sin perder nunca de vista los principios que derivan en materia tributaria del Derecho Internacional General. Aunque el fenómeno globalizador cobre un espe­cial protagonismo en materia tributaria, la contemplación interna de la fiscalidad internacional no puede alejarse de las bases generales de esta subdisciplina tributaria.Palabras clave: Fiscalidad internacional, Derecho Financiero y Tributario, Derecho Internacional Tri­butario, Derecho Internacional General, fuentes del derecho.

How Populists Wage Opposition: Parliamentary Opposition Behaviour and Populism in Netherlands

This article analyses how populist parties wage opposition in parliament. We conceptualise opposition behaviour in terms of two independent dimensions: scrutiny (monitoring and criticising government actions) and policy-making (participating in or directly influencing legislative production). In line with the conceptualisation of populism as an opposition to the ruling elite in name of ‘the people’, our hypothesis is that populist opposition parties are more likely to use scrutiny and less likely to use policy-making tools than non-populist opposition parties. We study the Netherlands between 1998 and 2017 as a typical example of a consensus democracy, where populist parties have a greater opportunity to win representation and use parliamentary tools (compared to majoritarian democracies). Our findings indicate that populist opposition parties are particularly less likely to engage in policy-making behaviour and somewhat more likely to engage in scrutiny behaviour.

PRODUÇÃO LEGISLATIVA, GASTOS DE CAMPANHA E DESEMPENHO ELEITORAL: EVIDÊNCIAS A PARTIR DE UM ESTUDO DE CASO / LEGISLATIVE PRODUCTION, CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURE AND ELECTORAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM A CASE STUDY

Quais fatores explicam o desempenho eleitoral? Este artigo analisa o impacto da produção legislativa e dos gastos de campanha sobre a quantidade de votos recebido pelos vereadores do Recife nas eleições municipais de 2016. Testa-se duas hipóteses: 1) quanto maior a produção legislativa maior o número de votos e 2) quanto maior o gasto de campanha, maior a quantidade de votos. O desenho de pesquisa examina um banco de dados original elaborado a partir de informações secundárias coletadas nos sites da Câmara do Recife e do Tribunal Regional Eleitoral de Pernambuco. Os resultados indicam que, ao se considerar todos os casos (n=37), o modelo de regressão apresenta um ajuste de 0,456. No entanto, após a exclusão de um outlier, temos um r²=0,081, o que significa que as variáveis não explicam satisfatoriamente o desempenho eleitoral. Em termos substantivos, os resultados indicam que a performance eleitoral dos vereadores não é afetada pela produção legislativa formal nem pelo gasto de campanha.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DA PRODUÇÃO LEGISLATIVA DA CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS, DE 2007 A 2010 / CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEGISLATIVE PRODUCTION IN THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES FROM 2007 TO 2010

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar as características e buscar os possíveis condicionantes das leis propostas por deputados e aprovadas no período de 2007 a 2010. Utiliza-se uma metodologia desagregativa que as classifica quanto a sua abrangência, seus efeitos e sua temática. Investiga-se a hipótese de que as leis sejam de abrangência nacional e benéficas, resultado do condicionamento do regime formal de trabalhos. A análise demonstra que a maioria das leis apresentam abrangência nacional e setorial, temática honorífica e efeitos neutros. Argumenta-se que essas características são consequência do controle da agenda parlamentar pelo Executivo e de um sistema de representação proporcional em uma população elevada e que tem regiões de alta magnitude eleitoral, o que atropela a atuação legislativa da Câmara, tornando-a cada vez mais focada em assuntos secundários como nomenclatura de estradas, pontes e prédios públicos.

Centralization versus Decentralization of Legislative Production and the Effect on Litigation: A Case Study

This paper presents an empirical investigation into the effects on the duration of disputes of the coordination externalities that arise from the decentralization of laws and regulatory power from the state to the regions. To this aim we consider Italy, whose territory is divided into twenty regions, using a dataset derived from 800 judgements pronounced by the Italian regional administrative courts over eight years, from 2000 to 2007. The most important result of our research is that in sectors where European legislation prevails, and lower coordination externalities are observed, we find a shorter duration of disputes, whilst in economic sectors more exposed to decentralized legislation, with greater coordination externalities, disputes tend to have a longer duration.