LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT PADA TRANSPORTASI DISTRIBUSI PRODUK KERTAS

Kegiatan distribusi produk seringkali membutuhkan energi dalam jumlah yang besar. Energi tersebut diperoleh dari proses pembakaran bahan bakar fosil yang kemudian menghasilkan emisi gas buang. Pada rantai pasok produk kertas, distribusi produk kertas kepada konsumen merupakan salah satu aktivitas selain proses produksi yang mengonsumsi bahan bakar terbesar. Konsumsi bahan bakar dan emisi tergantung pada jarak transportasi serta sistem transportasi yang digunakan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dilakukan penelitian terkait pemilihan alternatif transportasi pendistribusian produk kertas dengan membandingkan dampak lingkungan dari skenario moda transportasi yang paling mungkin untuk digunakan. Evaluasi beban lingkungan secara komprehensif dilakukan dengan metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) dan IMPACT 2002+ sebagai metode klasifikasi kategori dampak lingkungan. Unit fungsional yang digunakan yaitu 70 ton kertas chipboard dengan titik angkut utama yaitu pabrik PT. Papertech Magelang. Hasil perhitungan LCA menunjukkan bahwa skenario distribusi menggunakan transportasi kereta api diesel mampu menurunkan nilai kontribusi pada keseluruhan damage category.

Life Cycle Assessment of Cogeneration Systems Using Raw and Torrefied Dichrostachys Cinerea (L.) Wight & Arm. (Marabou).

Purpose This study aims to assess environmentally three different alternatives related to the valorization of Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arm. (marabou), identified as an invasive tree, as a feedstock for cogeneration facilities installed in the sugarcane industry in Cuba. The alternatives are (A-1) Electricity generation from marabou in a conventional back-pressure steam turbine cycle, (A-2) Electricity generation from torrefied marabou in a back-pressure steam turbine cycle, and (A-3) Electricity generation from torrefied marabou using extraction-condensing turbines.Methods SimaPro 9.0.0.35 software was used for the modeling of the inventory, based on different operational parameters. The ReCiPe environmental impact assessment method was used in the hierarchical perspective, assessing 18 impact categories (midpoint), and 3 damage categories (endpoint).Results and discussion The results demonstrated that A-3 shows the lower environmental impacts (Fine Particulate Matter Formation, Terrestrial Acidification, and Water Consumption) as compared to A-2 and A-1. This performance is explained by a lower normalized marabou consumption (1.85 kg marabou/kWh generated), and lower emissions associated with marabou harvesting, transportation, and processing. The cogeneration stage was the main contributor to the environmental burdens in Water Consumption (100% in A-1; 87% in A-2 and A-3). Marine Ecotoxicity was the impact category with better environmental performance due to the substitution of synthetic mineral fertilizers by ashes produced during combustion. The human health damage category reached the higher impacts on the torrefaction subsystem in the A-3 scenario, representing over 94% of the total environmental burden of the process. PM<10, NO2, and SO2 contributed the most over this damage category, mainly in marabou combustion, causing injuries in respiratory systems by aspiration of organic compounds.Conclusions The use of more efficient technology (extraction-condensing steam turbine), using torrefied marabou as feedstock, compared with the previous alternatives, impacts beneficially on the environment. Thus, a combination of marabou torrefaction with cogeneration facilities in sugarcane industries can be considered as an environmental-friendly technology in the Cuban context. The current study results will help decision-makers implement more sustainable policies in the Cuban energy sector, using marabou as feedstock as an attractive bioenergy route pathway.

Current Trends in Epidemiology of Rabies in Belarus

Relevance. According to expert estimates, tens of thousands of people die every year from rabies infection, mainly in Asia and Africa, for whom the main source of transmission of the virus is dogs.The purpose of the work is to establish the epidemiological characteristics of rabies infection in Belarus from 2013 to 2018 in the absence of cases of rabies among the population. Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of treatment demand for anti-rabies medical care (ARMС), analysis of data on an epizootic situation was applied.Results and discussion. The population treatment demand for ARMС ranged from 209.60/0000 to 227.20/0000 and was characterized by higher rates 1.6–1.7 times (P ≤ 0.05) among people under the age of 18. The results of monitoring the epizootic situation of rabies revealed that among all wild animals the proportion of «fox» rabies was 80.7%, while 94.4% of the patients were injured by dogs and cats. In 2018 has increased in 3.3 times (P ≤ 0.02) the frequency of treatment persons with the 3rd damage category and in 1.6 increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the proportion of rabies of farm animals in the structure of the reasons for applying for ARMС in comparison with 2013.Conclusion. In Belarus, the relevance of the problem of rabies infection is determined by the activity of the epizootic process, the consistently high treatment demand for ARMС, the events of contacts of the population, including mass, with rabies animals, the annual increase in the frequency of registration of the 3rd category of damage, as well as refusals of immunization and spontaneous interruption of preventive immunization by patients.

Life Cycle Assessment of Sugar Palm Fiber Reinforced-Sago Biopolymer Composite Takeout Food Container

In the development of packaging products, the considerations are not limited to the food shelf-life, safety, and practicality, but also environmental sustainability. This paper reports a life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis of a proposed natural fiber-reinforced biopolymer composite takeout food container. The study focuses on the damage assessment of the whole product system, including disposal scenarios of the thermoformed sugar palm fiber (SPF)-reinforced sago starch composite takeout food container. The analysis performed was to anticipate the environmental impact of the cradle-to-grave approach. The results exhibited the total human health damage of 2.63 × 10−5 DALY and ecosystem damage of 9.46 × 10−8 species.year per kg of containers. The main contributor was the carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel combustion for energy generation that contributed to climate change and caused human health and the ecosystem damages with low-level metrics of 1.3 × 10−5 DALY and 7.39 × 10−8 species.yr per kg of containers, respectively. The most contributed substances in the ‘Particulate matter formation’ impact categories that caused respiratory diseases were from air/nitrogen oxides, air/particulates, <2.5 µm, and air/sulphur dioxide with the metrics of 2.93 × 10−6 DALY, 2.75 × 10−6 DALY, and 1.9 × 10−6 DALY per kg containers, correspondingly. Whereas, for the ‘Agricultural land occupation’, which contributed to ecosystem damage, almost the total contributions came from raw/occupation, forest, intensive with the metric of 1.93 × 10−9 species.yr per kg of containers. Nevertheless, from the results, all impact categories impacted below than 0.0001 DALY for the Human Health damage category and below 0.00001 species.yr for the ecosystem damage category. These results would provide important insights to companies and manufacturers in commercializing the fully biobased takeout food containers.

Break on Through: An Analysis of Computer Damage Cases

14 Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law &amp; Policy 158 (2014). This article is an extensive inquiry into computer damage cases based on the comprehensive study of over three hundred cases brought to courts in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(5). Based on an empirical categorization of the essential aspects of computer damage cases, the article analyzes the most relevant issues, interpretations, and arguments available for each computer damage category. These categories include fundamental facets, such as legal elements; motive and intent; results; profile of perpetrators; and means of perpetration, including, if applicable, the software involved.Part I concerns theoretical aspects and discusses the legal elements of computer damage offenses under the CFAA. Part II considers the practical aspects and discusses the essential features involved in the perpetration of these offenses and the profile of attackers. Finally, Part III provides a summary of findings and the implications of this study for stakeholders.This article makes two important contributions: a comprehensive analysis and a conceptual approach for this area. The findings will improve the investigation, prosecution and litigation of such cases in courts, help organizations in their process of identification and mitigation of risks, and stimulate more research in this area. Finally, although this article focused exclusively on one jurisdiction, the findings can be of interest to a wider, global context.

Effect of Decarbonisation Policies and Climate Change on Environmental Impacts due to Heating and Cooling in a Single-Family House

Climate change is associated with global warming. This paper discusses the environmental impacts of the decarbonisation plan proposed by the Spanish Government, comparing the current situation with those foreseen for 2020 and 2030. Furthermore, climate change will vary the thermal demands of buildings. The paper thus investigates the heating and cooling demands of a type of single-family house located in eight Spanish cities with very different climates and altitude. The combined effects of the decarbonisation plan and climate change are analysed based on the environmental impacts caused by the electricity required to meet thermal demands. Both effects led to a reduction of the damage in the categories Human Health (59–68%), Climate Change (57–67%) and Resources (54–65%). However, the damage to Ecosystem Quality will increase (5–28%) as a result of the greater impact on this damage category from the energy production scenario for 2030, although thermal requirements in households will decrease.

Evaluating the Likelihood of Tree Failure in Naples, Florida (United States) Following Hurricane Irma

Trees in residential landscapes provide many benefits, but can injure persons and damage property when they fail. In hurricane-prone regions like Florida, USA, the regular occurrence of hurricanes has provided an opportunity to assess factors that influence the likelihood of wind-induced tree failure and develop species failure profiles. We assessed open-grown trees in Naples, Florida, following the passage of Hurricane Irma in September 2017 to determine the effect of relevant factors on the degree of damage sustained by individual trees. Of 4034 assessed individuals (n = 15 species), 74% sustained no damage, 4% sustained only minor damage (i.e., minimal corrective pruning needed), 6% sustained significant damage (i.e., major corrective pruning needed), and 15% were whole-tree failures (i.e., overturned trees or trees requiring removal). The proportion of individuals in each damage category varied among species, stem diameter at 1.4 m above ground, and the presence of utility lines, which was a proxy for maintenance. We compared our results with the findings of seven previous hurricanes in the region to explore species’ resilience in hurricanes.

Evaluating the Likelihood of Tree Failure in Naples, Florida (United States) Following Hurricane Irma

Trees in residential landscapes provide many benefits, but can injure persons and damage property when they fail. In hurricane-prone regions like Florida, USA, the regular occurrence of hurricanes has provided an opportunity to assess factors that influence the likelihood of wind-induced tree failure and develop species failure profiles. We assessed open-grown trees in Naples, Florida, following the passage of Hurricane Irma in September 2017 to determine the effect of relevant factors on the degree of damage sustained by individual trees. Of 4,034 assessed individuals (n = 15 species), 74% sustained no damage, 4% sustained only minor damage, 6% sustained significant damage and 15% were whole tree failures. The proportion of individuals in each damage category varied among species, stem diameter at 1.4 m above ground, and the presence of utility lines, which was a proxy for maintenance. We compared our results with the findings of seven previous hurricanes in the region to explore species&rsquo; resilience in hurricanes.

IMPLEMENTASI LEAN DAN GREEN MANUFACTURING GUNA MENINGKATKAN SUSTAINABILITY PADA PT. SEKAR LIMA PRATAMA

PT. Sekar Lima Pratama merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak pada bidang tekstil yang memiliki unit usaha finishing kain katun. Dalam identifikasi yang dilakukan perusahaan masih menghasilkan waste dan belum menjalankan proses yang ramah lingkungan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan upaya untuk mengidentifikasi waste pada proses finishing kain tenun guna menjadikan proses yang ramah lingkungan dengan pertimbangan tingkat eco efficiency dan eco cost guna menentukan proses usulan yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini meliputi langkah-langkah antara lain dengan menganalisa value stream mapping untuk mengetahui kegiatan yang memiliki value added dan yang berkategori NVA. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran dampak lingkungan dengan LCA (Life Cycle Analyisis) serta selanjutnya memberikan usulan memberikan usulan proses dengan pendekatan 6R (reuse, reduce, recycle, remanufacturing, recovery dan redesign) pada proses finishing kain katun diperoleh waste yaitu in appropriate processing, defect dan waiting time. Dari hasil pengukuran Life Cycle Assessment diperoleh hasil untuk proses sebesar 248,76 pt, untuk Life Cycle Impact Assessment Damage Category Human Health sebesar 4,8813 DAILY, Damage Category Ecosystem Quality sebesar 310,000 PDF*m2yr dan untuk Damage Category Resources 1615,646 MJ surplus. Biaya eco cost sebesar Rp 608.425.018,2. Usulan proses ramah lingkungan dengan menaikkan level green manufacturing menjadi recycling dan reuse