A Probe into the Status of the Oil Palm Sector in the Malaysian Value Chain

A ban on palm oil imports by the European Union has become a problematic issue, especially for palm oil producers’ countries. Oil palm has been widely used in many sub-sectors, and any changes in the production side may affect many sectors that use oil palm as an input factor in their productions. This study explores the chain of the oil palm sector on the other sub-sectors in Malaysia by using a value-added multiplier method and network modeling. The study focuses on the specific oil palm sub-sector and oils and fats sub-sector in the Malaysian economic structure based on the Malaysian Input-Output 2015 Table. Network visualization and all the analyses involving network methods were developed and performed using UCINET and GEPHI software. The value-added multiplier results explained that the net value between output multiplier and import multiplier is vital to depict the real impact of net resources used as an input factor in the oils and fats and oil palm sub-sectors. The high-density value level shows that the Malaysian oil palm sector has high connectivity in the economic system. From the network visualization analysis, the oils and fats sub-sector has a high level of integration with other sectors within the network. Meanwhile, the oil palm sub-sector categorized in the periphery structure group has a low level of integration in the input-output network. This is due to the high value-added demand for oil palm in the oils and fats sub-sector in the manufacturing sector. Overall, most of the sub-sectors in Malaysia are highly interconnected due to the high clustering ratio. Therefore, ensuring sufficient oil palm production is vital for sustainable production of other sub-sectors.

Using Payroll Tax Variation to Unpack the Black Box of Firm-Level Production

This paper uses quasi-experimental variation in payroll tax rates in Finland to investigate how firms use their input factors. We find that higher payroll tax rates lead to large employment responses and have no effects on employee-level earnings. As payroll taxes increase, firms substitute away from low-skilled, routine and manual workers. Higher firm-level payroll tax rates also slightly decrease the total output of firms. Our results imply that firm-level production and input factor choices are clearly affected by payroll taxes.

Land, Inheritance and Firstborn Problematics

Introduction. In this article land as the first input factor in the classical production function is analyzed. In economic theory, land is linked to heritage and the firstborn problematics. The methods used are based on history of entrepreneurial research, philosophy, legal and theological aspects. Land represents both opportunities but also obstacles, especially in connection with the firstborn problematics. Purpose. The article deals with land, inheritance and the firstborn problematics, its historical basis and consequences for economic and social development. Results. Land is the first input factor in the production process, whose utility and purpose is to create financial profit. Land is covered by everything that is given by nature. The human organism and all that can be extracted from it is land; in processed condition a product or commodity. In an economic theoretical context, inheritance means receiving property from someone who has died, or to bequeath or make a deathbed will, and inter-vivos gifts made by donors in anticipation of their eventual demise. Inheritance by primogeniture not only secures the firstborn son a greater share of the wealth of the entrepreneur, but it also makes the firstborn son in charge of the clan, which is practically similar to being a king. Primogeniture is linked to factors in business and society that are characterized with static economy. Control, routine and stability represent the framework of static production. Schumpeter characterizes entrepreneurs according to will and act, which is the opposite and thereby the forces behind the young men who change to world to the better for all. Entrepreneurs are the creators of civilization. Conclusions. Land as an input factor in the production function represents an infinite wealth in the world. As a result of the increased degree of innovation, the world’s wealth is accelerating. Only wealth can be inherited, the ability to innovate cannot be inherited or transferred from father to son. Keywords. Land, inheritance; firstborn problematics; production function; primogeniture.

Sectoral Efficiency Level in Yogyakarta Province

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of efficiency, level of inefficiency and solutions that need to be done to improve the efficiency of each sector in the Yogyakarta Province. This research is a quantitative research with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach banxia frontier analysis. Variable used in this research is variable input (labor and investment), and output variable (GRDP). The data used are secondary data for the period 2012 – 2016 from the Central Bureau Statistic. The research objects include main occupational sectors in Yogyalarta Province. The results of this study show that from nine sectors in DI Yogyakarta Province there are six sectors inefficient, namely the agricultural sector ; mining and quarrying; processing industry; electricity, gas and water; Large trade; and other services during 2012 - 2016. Three of the nine sectors namely the construction sector; transport; and finance reached 100% efficiency during 2012 - 2016. Sectoral inefficiency occurs because the combination of the varabel quantity of the input is not appropriate, so it needs to be adjusted input factor quantity in order to produce the output efficiently 100%. The conclusion of this study shows the efficiency of sectoral techniques in the Province of Yogyakarta in the tendency of low efficiency which decreases each year. Based on the results of the study the authors suggest six of the nine sectors that have not achieved 100% efficiency rating need to adjust the amount of input factor value in order to achieve ouput efficiently 100%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat efisiensi, tingkat inefisiensi serta solusi yang perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi tiap sektor di Provinsi DI Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) pendekatan banxia frontier analysis.Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah variabel input (tenaga kerja dan investasi), dan variabel output (PDRB). Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder periode tahun 2012 – 2016. Dari Badan Pusat Statistik. Adapun objek penelitian meliputi sembilan sektor pekerjaan utama di Provinsi DI Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dari sembilan sektor di Provinsi DI Yogyakarta terdapat enam sektor yang inefisien yakni sektor pertanian; pertambangan dan penggalian; industri pengolahan; listrik, gas, dan air; perdagangan besar; dan jasa lainnya selama tahun 2012 – 2016. Tiga dari sembilan sektor yakni sektor konstruksi; angkutan; dan keuangan mencapai efisien 100% selama tahun 2012 – 2016. Inefisiensi sektoral terjadi karena pengkombinasian besaran varabel input yang tidak sesuai, sehingga perlu dilakukan penyesuaian besaran faktor input dalam rangka menghasilkan output secara efisien 100%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan efisiensi teknik sektoral di Provinsi DI Yogyakarta kecenderungan efisiensi rendah yang menurun tiap tahunnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penulis menyarankan enam dari sembilan sektor yang belum mencapai nilai efisiensi 100% perlu melakukan penyesuaian besaran nilai faktor input dalam rangka mencapai ouput secara efisien 100%.

HOW ARE PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY SUB-SECTOR AGRICULTURE TOMATO ? (A Case for Nagari SalayoTanang Bukik Sileh)

This research explains and analyzes the productivity and sustainability of the tomato farm sub-sector. Productivity problems occur when farmers are harvested and falling prices are economically unfavorable to farmers.Furthermore, it will have an impact on sustainability as a tomato production center. Survey was conducted on 100 farmers in Kenagarian SelayoTanang Bukik Sileh. The data were processed using the production model and agricultural costs to observe the productivity and sustainability of the tomato agricultural sub-sector. The research findings show that the input factor is still decreasing return to scale and the productivity is still economically need to be improved. The cost side is not economically efficient yet with the low variable cost coefficient.Therefore, the agriculture sub-sector of dtomat will be threatened by unsustainability, if this happens omission by policy makers. The recommended to the rural government to make the production center rural of tomato and derivative of tomato products in order to maintain the sustainability of tomato production center.

Input Factor Analysis of Aedes Aegypti Controlling in Port Health Offi ce Class II Semarang Territory

Dengue disease incidence in the Village Tanjungmas, District of Semarang Utara, Semarang City which is the working area of the Port Health Offi ce of class II Semarang is always high in the year 2013-2015. Port Health Offi ce is a unit Ministry of Health which has the main task of the disease and vector control such as Aedes aegypti. The factors that determine the activities to control the mosquito Aedes aegypti is the factor inputs consisting of man, money, method, machine, material, market, technology, time, information. This study aimed to analyze the input factor in the control of Aedes aegypti. This study was observational. The research variables were Aedes aegypti control input factors. Samples of respondents were implementing the activities taken by total population is composed of offi cers from the Port Health Offi ce Class II Semarang and cadres of larva monitoring. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the mans, money, machines, materials, times, the market and technology activities are in Class II Health Offi ce of Semarang accordance with the rules and standard operating procedures (SOP) Port Health Offi ce. While the method is not adjusted regulatory activities and SOP are larva survey by visual way. Therefore it is suggested that the method uses a single larva surveys to determine the type of mosquito larvae.

The impact of point-of-sale data in demand planning in the South African clothing retail industry

Background: In modern days’ dynamic consumer markets, supply chains need to be value driven and consumer oriented. Demand planning allows supply chain members to focus on the consumer and create optimal value. In demand planning, Point-of-Sale (POS) data are an essential input to the process thereof; however, literature suggests that POS-based demand planning is often overlooked by demand planners in practice.Objective: The main purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which South African clothing retailers use POS data in demand planning.Method: This study followed the grounded theory approach based on the collection of qualitative data. The data collected was analysed following the grounded theory analysis using codes that resulted in various categories which then developed into themes.Findings: Findings suggest that companies within the clothing retail industry make considerable use of POS data and is a fundamental input factor in the demand planning process. However, this study also found that POS data cannot be applied in the planning for all types of clothing products, and that there are variables other than POS data that form a critical part of the demand planning process.Conclusion: POS data plays a fundamental role is the demand planning process and should be accurately collected and used with other qualitative and quantitative factors as an input factor to the demand planning process. The role of POS data in demand planning is expected to grow as customers are becoming increasingly demanding concerning customer service levels.