No One Is Leaving This Time: Appraisal of Awareness and Knowledge of Port Health Officers on International Health Regulation IHR (2005)

Background: Historically, ships have played an important role in transmitting infectious diseases around the world. The spread of cholera pandemics in the 19th century was thought to be linked to trade routes and facilitated by merchant shipping. The international maritime traffic of people and goods has often contributed to the spread of pathogens affecting public health. Objectives: To assess level of awareness and knowledge of international Health regulation (IHR 2005) content among port health officer Methods: The study design was descriptive cross-sectional evaluation, questionnaires were used to capture the respondents knowledge, awareness and sanitary condition of ship in accordance with (IHR 2005) Results: On awareness and knowledge, Majority of the respondent (77.1%) demonstrate good awareness of the IHR (2005), while 22.9% had not and some even testified of hearing the said document for the first time. Despite the fact that majority of respondent were aware but only 24.6% of them can actually demonstrate good knowledge of IHR (2005) and its intent to protect and prevent spread of disease along the international route. Conclusion: There is need to improve the knowledge of port health officers by expand training and guidance on application of the IHRs to frontline officer at point of entries. Also ensure more thorough inspection and avoid influence of ship agent during inspection of ship.

El Atlántico, los inmigrantes y la transnacionalización de la enfermedad. Una nueva mirada sobre la epidemia de fiebre amarilla en Buenos Aires (1870-1871)

La presente investigación analiza la epidemia de fiebre amarilla que arribó a Buenos Aires en el año 1871. A raíz de la pandemia de COVID-19, que puso en jaque al mundo globalizado, se pretende buscar en el pasado los problemas que enfrentaron las sociedades cuando las pestes arribaron a sus puertas. En este caso, se analizan las veloces conexiones transoceánicas de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. A bordo de los buques no solo se transportaban personas, ideas y mercancías, sino también patógenos. A partir del enfoque trasnacional de la historia ambiental, se analizan las denuncias de la prensa porteña de la época, las memorias de la Junta Sanitaria del Puerto de Buenos Aires, las memorias de la Comisión Central de Inmigración, y artículos del periódico español Eco de Alicante, para establecer un vínculo entre la epidemia desatada hacia finales de 1870 en Barcelona, y la comenzada en Buenos Aires en 1871. Se concluye que, estando estos dos puertos conectados permanentemente entre sí, y ambos sujetos a las impericias a bordo de los buques, el hacinamiento de los pasajeros y el deficiente control de las autoridades sanitarias, la epidemia de fiebre amarilla de Buenos Aires puede haber arribado desde Barcelona y no solo desde Asunción, como se sostiene en la bibliografía consultada. Abstract This investigation analyses the yellow fever epidemic that arrived to Buenos Aires in the year 1871. Connected with the COVID-19 pandemic that defied the globalized world, it is intended to look in the past the problems that the societies faced when the plagues arrived at their front doors. In this case, the transoceanic connections that took place until the second half of the19th century will be analyzed. The ships not only transported people, ideas and cargo, but also pathogens inside them. From the transnational approach to environmental history, the newspapers’ reports, the memories of the Buenos Aires port health commission, those of the Central Immigration Commission, as well as articles from the Spanish newspaper Eco de Alicante will be analyzed, to stablish a connection between the epidemic developed in the end of 1870 in Barcelona the one that started in Buenos Aires in 1871. It is concluded that, being these two ports attached permanently and forced to face the shortcomings above the ships, such as the overcrowding of passengers and the deficient control of the sanitary authorities, the yellow fever epidemic of Buenos Aires could have arrived from Barcelona as well and not only from Asunción, as the consulted bibliography states.

ANALYSIS OF MANAGERIAL COMPONENTS IN MOSQUITO VECTORS (AEDES AEGYPTI) CONTROL IN THE BUFFER AREA OF THE CLASS 1 SURABAYA PORT HEALTH OFFICE

ABSTRACTThe Aedes aegypti index in the buffer area of the Class 1 Surabaya Port Health Office was in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) as stated in the Regulation of the Indonesian Ministry of Health Number 431 of 2007 (431/MENKES/SK/IV/2007) on Technical Guidelines for Control of Environmental Health Risks in Ports/Airports/Cross-Border in the Context of Health Quarantine. The Port Health Office has responsibilities to control environmental risks, one of which was the Aedes aegypti mosquitos in the borders. This study was descriptive observational and aimed to analyze the managerial components in Aedes aegypti mosquito control in the buffer area ofthe Class 1 Surabaya Port Health Office in Surabaya. The research variables (factors that determine control activities) were manpower, money, methods, materials, markets, machines, and information. The research subjects were two officers at Class 1 Surabaya Port Health Office and five cadres who monitored larva. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results explained that manpower, money, materials, market, technology, and information were all in accordance with the SOP of the Surabaya Port Health Office. However, the larva survey method did not comply with the SOP as officers still used the visual method. It was concluded that managerial components in Aedes aegypti control by Class 1 Surabaya Port Health Office followed the SOP except in their larva survey method. The researchers recommended carrying out a larva survey method by taking 1 larva from each container (single larva) at a time. Keywords: Aedes aegypti, control vector, managerial components.

IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY SUPERVISION IN CLASS 1 PORT HEALTH OFFICE IN JUANDA AIRPORT WORKING AREA, SURABAYA

ABSTRACTThe provision of clean water in the Class 1 Surabaya Port Health Office is supervised in accordance with the existing regulations to identify sources that could potentially cause pollution and prevent the occurrence of illness caused by unstandardized water quality and unsafe water supply. This study aimed to describe the implementation of clean water supply supervision in the Class 1 Surabaya Port Health Office in the Juanda Airport working area, Surabaya. This was an observational study which analysis was descriptive in nature. The clean water was tested for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, and the results showed that the water quality was in accordance with the Regulation of the Indonesian Ministry of Health No. 416 of 1990 about the Terms and Monitoring of Water Quality. However, the result from the simple chemical inspection test of the water showed that it did not fulfil health standards i.e., the residual chlorine score not equal to 0 (zero). It is suggested that more attention and supervision are conducted by water management authorities to ensure the standard residual chlorine level of 0 (zero). Additionally, expired reagents or reagents that have already changed color should not be used as it will affect the parameters tested. Keywords: Quality of clean water, clean water supply facilities, water sampling process

Do the port health officers at Soekarno-Hatta International Airports and Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airports have sufficient knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding emergency landing?

Background: : Emergency landing as an airport emergency requires quick and precise action by Port Health Office (PHO) as the medical coordinator. Medical treatment in an emergency landing is critical for the safety of disaster victims, based on the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of airport PHO officers. This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitude and behavior of PHO officers at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (SOETTA) and Zainuddin Abdul Majid International Airport (ZAM) regarding emergency landings. Methods: This is an observational applying cross sectional design. Ninety-eight PHO officers from SOETTA airport and ZAM airport have participated, and their data was collected through questionnaires, and then analyzed based on knowledge, attitude, and practice toward emergency landing. Results: The knowledge of SOETTA PHO officers was sufficient in 63.5% officers, while it was 79.2% in ZAM. SOETTA PHO officers’ attitude was positive in 67.6% while in ZAM it was 54.16%. The behavior of SOETTA PHO officers was good in 55.4% officers while in ZAM it was 75%. Conclusion: The level of knowledge of SOETTA and ZAM PHO officers regarding emergency landings was sufficient. The attitude of SOETTA and ZAM PHO officers regarding emergency landings was positive. The behavior of SOETTA and ZAM PHO officers was good for emergency landings. Keywords: emergency landing, port health officer, knowledge, attitudes and practice Abstrak Latar belakang: Emergency landing sebagai salah satu keadaan darurat bandara memerlukan tindakan yang cepat dan tepat oleh Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan (KKP) sebagai koordinator medis. Penanganan medis dalam emergency landing sangat menentukan keselamatan dan keamanan korban, yang berbasis pada pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku petugas KKP bandara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku petugas KKP Bandara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta (SOETTA) dan Bandara Internasional Zainuddin Abdul Majid (ZAM) terhadap emergency landing. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah sebuah studi obervasional dengan disain potong lintang. Sembilan puluh delapan petugas KKP dari 74 bandara SOETTA dan 24 bandara ZAM diambil datanya lewat kuesioner.dan selanjutnya dinilai pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku terhadap emergency landing. Hasil: Sebanyak 63,5% petugas KKP SOETTA memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup sementara 79,2% petugas ZAM meiliki pengetahuan yang tergolong cukup. Untuk hasil sikap petugas KPP SOETTA yang tergolong positif 67,6% sementara di ZAM sikap petugas KPP yang tergolong positif 54,16%. Untuk hasil perilaku petugas KPP SOETTA yang tergolong baik 55,4% sementara di ZAM perilaku petugas KPP yang tergolong baik 75%. Kesimpulan: Tingkat pengetahuan petugas KKP SOETTA dan petugas KKP ZAM terhadap emergency landing tergolong cukup. Sikap petugas KKP SOETTA dan ZAM terhadap penanganan emergency landing positif. Perilaku petugas KKP SOETTA dan ZAM cukup baik terhadap emergency landing. Kata kunci: emergency landing; petugas KKP; pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku

Evaluation of PHEIC (Public Health Emergency of International Concern) Detection Implementation on The Performance of Port Health Employees Class I Medan

Public health emergencies can occur imported i.e. the source of the emergency comes from outside the region and the epicenter is the source of the emergency comes from the work area. Both conditions can arise in unpredictable situations so that the ability of the government and stakeholders in preventing, detect early to detect, handle cases as early as possible to response will affect the extent of the magnitude of emergency event sand post-event handling. Readiness surveillance device in the face of the influx of infectious diseases. Early detection efforts are carried out by detecting events through examination and screening, information and Verification of passengers, transport and disease risk factors. This type of research is Descriptive with the aim to know the evaluation of the implementation of PHEIC to the performance of Class I Medan Port Health Office in 2020, based on respondent answers. The population is all quarantine officers in the working area of Class I MPA Medan as many as 58 respondents, sampling using total sampling. The result of research shows that based on respondent answers obtained PHEIC implementation with employee discipline obtained there is still no timely out hours of work and never reprimanded directly by superiors, while supervision is still less than the leadership is more considered objectively and thoroughly, work activities organized together in teams not individually. It is recommended to all employees to enforce discipline, especially at work hours and the need for effective staffing in improving employee performance as well as working based on a predetermined team work.

Analisis Yuridis Kepatuhan Hukum terhadap Karantina Kesehatan (Studi Penelitian Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan Kelas II Tanjung Pinang)

Indonesia is located in the path of international trade traffic with many entrances to Indonesian territory, this is a risk factor for the spread of diseases and health problems.. The purpose of this study was to find out how the health quarantine legal regulation at the entrance to the port in the Class II Tanjung Pinang Port Health Office. This study uses a descriptive approach to the type of normative research and sociology. implementation of quarantine law in the supervision of ship arrivals in accordance with / not in accordance with standard operating procedures) The results showed that Law Number 6 Year 2018 on Health Quarantine which is the basis of the implementation of health quarantine has governed the criminal application of violations by the Quarantine Civil Servant Investigator, and the number of human resources is still lacking in terms of quality / competence, the number of facilities and equipment is still lacking especially in the work area, The conclusion of this research is the good regulation of the health quarantine law due to the adoption of the criminal article against violators, but it is needed an inter-sectoral legal regulation in implementing quarantine rules by related agencies as well as the addition of tablespoons that have potential in their fields.

Analysis of Epidemiological Surveillance Activity of the COVID-19 at Airport (Case Study at Juanda International Airport, Surabaya by Port Health Office Class I on January 2020)

The Surabaya Port Health Office (PHO) Class I is tasked with the disease prevention by detection, response and protection at entrance gates for the sea- and airports and over the state cross-border posts regarding Public Health Emergency of International Concern situation of COVID-19. This analysis aims to assess activities of early warning alert and response system to COVID-19 at Juanda International Airport on January 2020 and provides recommendations to enhance the system in the future. The method used includes interviewing four informants, studying of documents and directing field-observation by following regular activities of PHO representatives, who supervise, inspect General Declarations, distribute, and collect the Health Alert Card (HAC) and monitor body temperature of travelers. The analysis uses a system approach (input, process, output) and a 4M model with modification by adding time, technology and information variables. Activities in the early warning alert and response system of COVID-19 are in accordance with the Preparedness Guidelines by the Indonesian Ministry of Health. The outputs of reported activities have been classified as appropriate. The HAC form is lacking as a source of COVID-19 surveillance with regards to address information, which often being misinterpreted by travelers. It is necessary to add additional questions regarding the destination address of travelers in Indonesia, and to educate on how to fill in a HAC correctly through a completed example form; communication and direction from Surabaya PHO Class I operatives are also necessary so that the effectiveness of HAC can be maximized.

Aviation medicine capacity on facing biological threat In Indonesia airports

Airports need high security procedures, especially for preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases spread by passenger and carried goods. Outbreaks of disease form real threat to national defense that can endanger national sovereignty, territorial integrity and national security. Biological agents that are dangerous sources of outbreaks infectious diseases can be spread by criminal and terrorists for biological warfare. Based on data, the spread of diseases in Indonesia came from abroad, such as SARS from China, Mers-CoV from the Middle East, Avian Influenza from China, HIV from Africa etc. Indonesia has a population of more than 262 million peoples, 17,500 islands, and climate conditions that allow microorganisms to grow well. In 2017 domestic flights transported 95,401,545 persons and international flights 16,253,259 persons, we need to prevent the spread of diseases in Indonesia entering through the Airports. Efforts to prevent the entry of dangerous biological agents in Indonesia were carried out by Quarantine Officers and Port Health Officers. The development of threat outbreak disease in air transportation is real in the future, so all Indonesia airports must have action plans to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. The Air Force must act as guardian of sovereignty by having medical personnel on the spot for role interoperability with the personnel Port Health Office for prevent the entry of dangerous biological agents. Capacity building need for be enhanced for prevention, detection, identification and response through a training of the personnel, procurement facilities for readiness prevent, detect and respond when facing biological threat

Susceptibility Status of Aedes aegypti Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Tanjung Priok Port Health Quarantine

Animal-borne diseases and vectors in seaport health areas is designated to be done in a rapid and precise manner. One of the Ae. aegypti control is using insecticides. The aims of this study are to find out and evaluate the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, and also to observe the increase of non-specific esterase enzyme activities and voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutation in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Tanjung Priok Port Health Quarantine working area in 2016. Susceptibility status is determined by three distinct test methods: bioassay method (Impregnated paper containing 0.8% malathion, 0.05% cypermethrin and 0.02 ppm temephos). Biochemistry method and biomolecular assay (PCR and sequencing) to identify VGSC gene mutation. Based on bioassay test using malathion, cypermethrin and temephos showed that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Tanjung Priok, Sunda Kelapa, and Muara Angke ports has been resistance to malathion and cypermethrin, and were still susceptible to temephos. The results of biochemical tests on Ae aegypti to organophosphates showed moderate levels of resistance and sensitivity. VGSC gene mutation was observed on sites S989P and V1016G, while site F1534 did not showed any mutation.