Factors Influencing Standard Precaution Practices Among Nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria

Introduction: Nurses are known to be at the frontline of risks and victims to occupational hazards within the healthcare system. These hazards include exposure to infections that may arise from injuries from sharps and contacts with body fluids. Standard precautions are taken to mitigate and minimize hazards in hospitals. This study assessed the factors influencing standard precaution practices among Nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Method and material: This study involved a descriptive cross-sectional study which was carried out among 305 nurses in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja. A self-structured instrument was employed for this study and data were gathered from consented respondents. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistics of mean, frequency and percentage. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 41.64±10.1 years and many (68.5%) had more than 10 years of work experience. The respondents had above average level of knowledge (24.69±2.16) and close to two-third (59.7%) had a positive attitude towards standard precaution practices. The most reported factors influencing the practice of standard precautions were non-availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) (92.1%), lack of regular training on standard precautions (91.1%) and lack of good policy on standard precautions (81.5%). Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had above average level of knowledge and positive attitude towards standard precaution. There is a need for continued sensitization and monitoring of standard precaution practices by nurses to sustain the high level. Also, healthcare institutions should ensure the availability of PPE for standard precautions and regular in-service training of nurses on standard precaution practices.

STANDARD PRECAUTION ADHERENCE BY NURSING WORKERS: A MIXED METHODS STUDY

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze standard precaution adherence and associated factors of nursing workers at a university hospital. Method: this is a study of mixed methods of convergent parallel strategy, carried out in Southern Brazil. The quantitative stage had 602 participants, using the instrument of sociodemographic and professional variables and the Instrument of Variables Related to Standard Precautions, analyzed using descriptive statistics. In the qualitative stage, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 24 workers, analyzed through content analysis. Results: the data showed an intermediate standard precaution adherence. In the Individual Factors dimension, the Prevention Effectiveness Scale showed high scores and the Risk Personality, Risk Perception and Knowledge about Occupational HIV Transmission scales, intermediate scores. In the dimension Work-related factors, both in the Obstacles to Following Standard Precautions Scale and in the Workload Scale, the scores were intermediate. In the Organizational Factors dimension, low scores were found for Climate of Safety and Training in Prevention of Exposure to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and intermediate for Personal Protective Equipment Availability. Qualitative data showed that workers often select patients who they think are at greatest risk for occupational transmission to use standard precautions. Conclusion: standard precaution adherence does not occur fully among participants. Data integration allowed to conclude that, among the main elements that influence this phenomenon, is the lack of clarity of participants as to the purpose, indication and principles of standard precautions.

Assessment of standard precaution related to infection prevention readiness of healthcare facilities in Bangladesh: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey

Background: Baseline assessment of standard precaution relating to infection prevention and control (IPC) preparedness to fight health crisis within healthcare facilities at different levels and its associated factors in Bangladesh remains unknown. Methods: We analyzed the nationally representative Bangladesh health facility survey (BHFS) data conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) during July–October 2017. We used the World Health Organization (WHO) Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) manual to determine the standard precautions related to the IPC readiness index. Using a conceptual framework and multivariable linear regression, we identified the factors associated with the readiness index. Results: We analyzed data for 1,524 surveyed healthcare facilities. On average, only 44% of the standard precaution elements were available in all facilities. Essential elements, such as guidelines for standard precautions (30%), hand-washing soap (29%), and pedal bins (38%), were not readily available in all facilities. The tuberculosis service area was least prepared, with 85% of elements required for standard precaution deficient in all facilities. Significantly lower readiness indexes were observed in the rural healthcare facilities (mean difference, −13.2), healthcare facilities administered by the MoHFW (mean difference, −7.8), and private facilities (mean difference, −10.1) compared to corresponding reference categories. Conclusions: Our study revealed a severe lack of standard precaution elements in most healthcare facilities, particularly in rural health centers. These data can provide a baseline from which to measure improvement in infection prevention and control (IPC) in these facilities and to identify areas of gaps for targeted interventions to improve IPC strategies that can improve the Bangladesh health system.

Effects of Infection Control Education for Nursing Students Using Standardized Patients vs. Peer Role-Play

This study was conducted to identify and compare the effects of two education programs for infection control―a simulation using standardized patients and a peer role-play―on standard precaution knowledge, standard precaution awareness, infection-related anxiety, and infection control performance. This study used a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. A total of 62 undergraduate nursing students in their 3rd year participated in the study, and were assigned to the experimental and control groups, accordingly. The infection control education program was developed based on the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model. The program for the experimental group included lectures, skills training, simulation using standardized patients, and debriefing, while the control group participated in the usual infection control education, consisting of lectures, skills training, and peer tutoring practices. Both groups exhibited statistically significant increases in knowledge, awareness of standard precaution, and infection control performance after the intervention. Infection-related anxiety and infection control performance were significantly higher in the simulation using a standardized patient group. Both education programs influenced compliance with the standard precaution for infection control. The results of this study contribute to the evidence regarding effective educational methods to improve infection control.

Peran Perawat dalam Memutus Rantai Infeksi di Rumah Sakit

Penyakit infeksi masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan di dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Infeksi yang terjadi di rumah sakit sekarang lebih dikenal dengan Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) dengan pengertian yang lebih luas tidak hanya di rumah sakit tetapi juga di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan lainnya. Perkembangan infeksi rumah sakit (Health Care Associated infection) sampai saat ini meningkat, mulai dari yang sifatnya sederhana sampai dengan yang kompleks, melibatkan berbagai faktor. Untuk dapat melakukan pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi khususnya infeksi rumah sakit, perlu memiliki pengetahuan mengenai konsep dasar penyakit infeksi. Kemampuan untuk mencegah transmisi infeksi di rumah Sakit dan upaya pencegahan infeksi adalah tingkatan pertama dalam pemberian pelayanan yang bermutu. Dalam pemberian pelayanan yang bermutu, seorang petugas kesehatan harus memiliki kemampuan untuk mencegah infeksi dimana hal ini memiliki keterkaitan yang tinggi dengan pekerjaan karena mencakup setiap aspek penanganan pasien. Saat ini, masalah infeksi makin banyak mendapat perhatian para ahli karena di samping dapat meningkatkan morbilitas maupun mortalitas, juga menambah biaya perawatan dan obat - obatan, waktu dan tenaga yang pada akhirnya akan membebani pemerintah atau rumah sakit, personil rumah sakit maupun penderita dan keluarganya. Hal ini jelas bertentangan dengan kebijaksanaan pembangunan bidang kesehatan yang justru menekankan peningkatan efisiensi pelayanan kesehatan.Perawat berperan penting sebagai pemutus rantai infeksi untuk menurunkan angka kejadian infeksi yang didapat di rumah sakit (HAIs). Perawat merupakan tenaga kesehatan yang berhubungan langsung dengan pasien dan dapat menjadi media transmisi infeksi baik bagi perawat maupunpasien. Perawat mencegah terjadinya infeksi dengan cara memutuskan rantai penularan infeksi (Craven & Hirnle, 2007). Perilaku perawat dapat ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan kinerja dan kepatuhan perawat dalam melakukan kegiatan pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi. Efstathiou, Papastavrou, Raftopoulos, dan Merkouris (2011) menyatakan perubahan perilaku perawat dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan dan kepatuhan perawat terhadap pelaksanaan standard precaution.

Knowledge and Compliance Toward Standard Precaution Among Health Care Workers at Bahria International Hospital Lahore, Pakistan

Introduction: Standard precaution is a way to stop the spread of hospital acquired infection which may be in the form of blood, secretions, body waste, body fluids and mucous membrane that may contain contagious infectious agents. Healthcare workers are the persons who have the moral obligation to care for sick persons and improve their regaining health and attain excellent worth of treatment care. Therefore, health care providers should have proper knowledge and good practice to strictly adhere to standard precaution control infection. Aim: To determine the knowledge and compliance toward standard precaution among health care workers in Bahria international Hospital Lahore. Methodology: a descriptive cross sectional study design were used for this study with sample size of 180 participants which were randomly selected from the target population. Results: The association between knowledge and practice was assessed through chi square test with p value=0.05, after apply this test the p value found .000 which is significant association between knowledge and practice. Whereas regression test shows value of adjusted R² showing 60% (F=.141, p <.001) of variance caused by independent variable (knowledge) in dependent variable (practice). Hence, it is proved that there is a significant positive relationship between knowledge and practice. Conclusion: The current study concluded that adhering to standard precaution is very important for all health care workers to control hospital acquired infection. Study finding also show that majority of the healthcare workers have good knowledge regarding standard precautions but they have unsatisfactory compliance to prevent and control infection. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. 7(1): 17-20