A DIAGNOSIS OF RUSSIA'S MILITARY CAPABILITY IN A SITUATION OF AN ESCALATION OF HOSTILITY IN UKRAINE AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SAFETY OF THE EASTERN NATO FLANK

The paper presents the results of research, whose main goal is to evaluate the aviation and rocket capability of the armed forces of the Russian Federation and Ukraine in terms of a possible launch of regular warfare. The authors primarily focus on changes in the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, which have created legal determinants of the use of armed forces outside the country’s territory in defense of national minorities, illustrated by taking control of Crimea. The authors also stress Russia’s military plans, including the development directions of the potential of armed forces as well as a possible threat to the security of the eastern NATO’s flank in the event of a conflict in Ukraine. In this respect, the capabilities of the air defense of countries on the eastern NATO flank, particularly Poland’s capability, were analyzed.

Metaphor Power of Military Doctrines in Russian, Chinese and American English

Metaphor in modern linguistics is understood not only as a means of decorating speech, but also as a means of structuring, transforming and creating new knowledge, evoking emotions, influencing the perception. The article aims to estimate the potential speech impact of the military doctrines’ texts with the help of the metaphor power quantitative index. The methodology is based on calculating the indices of metaphor density (MDI), intensity (MII) and functionality of metaphors in the text (MfPI). The theoretical basis of the research is the conceptual metaphor theory by J. Lakoff and M. Johnson, as well as ideas about the metaphor power and the potential persuasiveness of metaphors in the text and discourse, most fully presented in the works on meta-analysis of the metaphor speech impact by P. Sopory and S. van Stee. Thus, we assume that the higher the density of metaphors in the text, the higher is the per-suasiveness of the given speech message. Metaphors of different intensity are based on two different cognitive mechanisms, namely, categorization and comparison, and affect the recipient in different ways, since they are perceived differently by him. Conventional metaphors tend to have a so-called cognitive effect, and new “creative” metaphors, in turn, may have a considerable emotional impact. Different types of metaphors also have different functions: orientational metaphors perform a descriptive function, ontological metaphors are used to explain (translate) complex objects and phenomena, identifying them in the mind of recipients, structural metaphors serve the purpose of restructuring the signified (le signifié in terms of Saussure) of an object or phenomenon, changing the recipient’s point of view on the subject. The material under study includes the latest published doctrinal military documents – the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2014), the White Paper “China’s Defense in the New Era” (2019), and a Summary of the US National Defense Strategy (2020). The empiric results of the study show that the metaphor power of the Chinese text in comparison with American English and Russian is higher in terms of the density and intensity of the metaphors used, which indicates the intention to make the White Paper more convincing and emotionally affecting. “The US National Defense Strategy” is less saturated with novel metaphors, but at the same time it uses a greater number of structural metaphors, which indicates the intention to produce a cognitive declarative impact rather than emotional effect. The text of the Russian Military Doctrine has the lowest indices of the density and intensity of metaphors; the number of structural metaphors found in it was also the smallest, which leads us to conclude that this document highlights the informative function, having the identifying nature. The method of metaphor power analysis proposed and tested in this study allows us to single out two different types of speech impact – emotional and cognitive –, as well as makes it possible to express quantitatively their degree. In addition, the values of the metaphorical indices can be used to specify the genre and style of texts under study.

New Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation: To Methodological Inaccuracies of Concepts

The content of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation «On Countering Terrorism» is considered, the essential definitions of the main concepts are analyzed, which, according to the author, lead to methodological inaccuracies and misunderstandings of the official state document. The author’s definitions of military dangers and threats to modern Russia, as well as threats to its military security are given.

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE LOGISTIC SUPPORT OF THE SOVIET ARMY IN THE AFGHAN WAR

The reasons why Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in the 1980s became the subject of disputes, articles, or even inspiration for the books of military analysts. The interest shown around this subject extended to the Soviet military doctrine, tactics, equipment, forces design (architecture), the number of military employees, the pursued purpose, etc. In this regard, in order to identify "lessons learned" possibly useful in the field of current logistical support, this article aims to analyze, from a logistical perspective, the Soviet effort during the 9 years of military actions taken in Afghanistan.

Military Doctrines in Israel and Iran: A Doctrinal Hybridity

This article comparatively analyzes the origins of the military doctrines in Israel and Iran, which are positioned at the poles of status quo and revisionism in the Middle East. In a conceptual hybridity, both parties stand strategically on the defensive but operationally combine defensive with offensive elements. These combinations are backed by powerful cultural motivations and organizational interests in each country. The implications enrich our understanding of the nature of military doctrine and indicate another contributing factor in regional destabilization.

The Siete Partidas: A Repository of Mediaeval Military and Tactical Instruction

The Siete Partidas, compiled in the mid-13th century for the Castilian king Alfonso X el Sabio, constituted the code of law for Castile and later Spain. Despite the practicality of their instructions and principles on warfare, they are not well studied. This article will review the military provisions, paying special attention to commanders, the battlefield formations for infantry and cavalry, and the rules on booty and ransom, in the context of the time. While it is difficult to pinpoint unequivocal influences, the passages are demonstrably practical within the contemporary military doctrine and the ideals of chivalry. As such, they offer a unique insight into the mechanics of leadership, the battlefield formations of the High Middle Ages, as well as the crucial function of spoils as a source of status-compatible income for the knightly estate and lower nobility, so adding depth and texture to this little-studied yet essential aspect of mediaeval military, economic, and political organisation.

THEORY OF CREATION OF THE INSURGENT-GUERRILLA LIBERATION ARMY IN THE MILITARY-HISTORICAL WORKS OF OUN MEMBERS

Summary. The purpose of this research is to study the theoretical works of OUN activists on the creation of an insurgent-guerrilla liberation army, which have not lost their significance for the development of modern Ukraine and the reforming of its Armed Forces. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and the synthesis of comparative and problem-chronological methods of researching the works of OUN soldiers on the creation of the Ukrainian army. The scientific novelty lies in the implementation of one of the first attempts at a comprehensive study of OUN propaganda and journalistic materials on military-organizational activities, which clarifies the role of the Organization’s military figures in the formation and development of its basic principles on the eve of World War II. Conclusions. On the basis of the relevant funds of the State Archive of Lviv Region (SALR), memoirs, nationalist newspapers and magazines, fundamental monographs and dissertations, the role of OUN leaders E. Konovalets, M. Kolodzinskyi, O. Gasyn, R. Yaryi, Z. Kossak is covered on the creation of the liberation army in military-historical and military-theoretical works. The main materials, which consider the issues of the coming war, tactics and strategy of Ukrainian nationalists, military doctrine and military training were prepared by: M. Kolodzinskyi ‒ "Ukrainian military doctrine", Z. Kossak ‒ "44 rules of life of the Ukrainian nationalist", R. Yaryi ‒ "Military education of youth", E. Konovalets ‒ "Military Affairs", "Military Training". The creative achievements of OUN military figures were marked by a wide range and depth of thinking, high professionalism. All educational and theoretical developments of OUN soldiers are a source for studying the military-historical thought about the activities of the nationalist organization of 1929‒1939. This legacy can be used in the not yet completed state-building processes of modern Ukraine, the reforming of the Armed Forces of the state, the prospect of our country’s accession to European structures and NATO.

THE POLISH QUESTION IN MYKHAILO KOLODZINSKY'S "UKRAINIAN MILITARY DOCTRINE"

The vision of the Polish question is analyzed on the base of M. Kolodzinsky's "Ukrainian military doctrine". The nature of the radical intellectual constructs of the early twentieth century in the OUN environment was studied. The general historical context is analyzed, which allows a deeper understanding ofthis phenomenonand reveals a broad picture of the development of contemporary political and social thought. The Ukrainian nationalists in the interwar period were particularly keen on the future strategy and tactics of gaining the Ukrainian state. A detailed review of the concepts and understanding of Ukrainian history in the "Military Doctrine" was made. The main features of the ideological convictions of M. Kolodzinskyi and the most radical wing of OUN members are determined.