EVALUATION OF SOIL QUALITY OF A COAL MINE AFFECTED FOREST AT CHANGKI, NAGALAND, INDIA

The present study was conducted at a coal mining affected forest and a non-affected forest to analyze the seasonal changes in soil physico-chemical properties, incorporate additive and weighted soil quality index (SQI) to determine the soil quality and check the affected forest soil pollution status. Comparative SQI shows that the non-affected forest presented higher SQI in all the seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn). However, in both the forest the seasonal additive and weighted SQI was categorised as autumn > summer > spring > winter and the overall SQI of the soil depth was ranked as 0–10 > 10–20 > 20–30 cm. The Single pollution index (PI) points out that cadmium (Cd) was the main potential contributor to soil pollution while the Pollution load index (PLI) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) revealed moderate soil pollution status. The result summarized that coal mining activities can elevate soil deterioration rate, such as loss in soil organic carbon, reduction in nutrient availability, and slowing down the rejuvenating process of forest soil.

Evaluasi Level Toksik Logam Berat pada Air, Sedimen Tersuspensi, dan Sedimen Dasar di Sungai Winongo, D.I.Yogyakarta

Aktivitas manusia di sekitar Sungai Winongo dapat berdampak pada kontaminasi logam berat dari limpasan permukaan dan buangan langsung. Sifat toksik pada logam perlu diperhatikan karena dapat terakumulasi dalam waktu yang lama dan merusak lingkungan. Evaluasi logam berat dapat dilakukan dengan cara pemantauan kualitas air dan kualitas sedimen untuk mengetahui tingkat pencemaran suatu perairan karena logam berat dan distribusi logam berat itu sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui level toksik perairan dilakukan analisis hasil dengan berbagai indeks, yaitu Faktor Risiko Ekologis (Er) dan Indeks Beban Polusi (PLI). Sampel air, sampel sedimen tersuspensi (TSS), dan sedimen pada dasar permukaan diambil pada masing-masing titik untuk diuji laboratorium menggunakan alat AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa logam Cu dan Cr paling banyak ditemukan pada sedimen dasar, sedangkan logam Pb paling banyak ditemukan terlarut dalam air. Logam pada sedimen tersuspensi ditemukan sangat kecil yaitu <0,031. Konsentrasi logam pada sedimen tersuspensi tertinggi adalah 0,043 mg/L pada titik T4. Berdasarkan perhitungan Er dan PLI, potensi risiko ekologis terhadap logam di Sungai Winongo rendah (Er<40) dan tidak terdapat polusi karena logam berat (PLI<1). Namun, analisis kualitas air menunjukkan untuk nilai Cu dan Pb melebihi baku mutu kelas 2. Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan penelitian awal dalam kajian logam berat di Sungai Winongo secara historis.ABSTRACTThe Increase of human activities around the Winongo River can have an impact on decreasing water quality due to pollution from household and small industrial waste. Metal contamination in the aquatic environment is an environmental issue that needs attention due to its toxicity. Moreover, it can be accumulated in aquatic environments for a long time. Monitoring water quality and sediment quality is important to determine the distribution of heavy metals sources and the level of pollution in the waters. This research aims to determine the water toxicity level. An analysis of the results was carried out with various indices, which are the Ecological Risk (Er) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) in the water samples, suspended sediment samples (TSS), and sediment at the bottom of the surface will be taken at each point for laboratory testing using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). The concentration of heavy metals for Cu and Cr in the surface sediment respectively was found higher than its concentration in the river water. Meanwhile, Pb contents are found higher in river water. The contents of heavy metals are found less in the suspended sediment samples. The Er and PLI shows low pollution risk and low pollution status, respectively. It indicates that the Code River was still in low pollution status for Cu, Cr, and Pb contamination. On the other hand, the water quality analysis results Cu and Pb over the Water Quality Standard for Class 2. This study may serve as a useful reference and baseline for heavy metals research in Winongo River historically.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Plant–Microbe Combined Remediation of Soil Contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are frequently detected in soil. Their biological toxicity and carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects pose a great threat to the ecological environment and human health. Firstly, the sources, physicochemical properties, and environmental hazards of PAHs are reviewed in this paper, and then their pollution status and different methods for their detection in soil are described in detail. The remediation technologies to treat pollution in the field and farmland are compared, and the technical status and factors influencing phytomicrobial remediation of PAHs in contaminated soil are evaluated in the most comprehensive way. The mechanisms of phytomicrobial remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil under different conditions are innovatively discussed. Additionally, the regulation mechanism of enzymes involved in plant and microbial degradation of PAHs in soils is studied. This is the first study on the regulation mechanism of degradation enzyme in a PAHs review. The aim of this paper is to review the pollution status, remediation technologies, mechanisms, and biodegradation actions of PAHs in soil. This review creatively provides reliable technical support for strengthening soil remediation and environmental management.

A Study on the Pollution Status of Akata Lake Sediments, Katsina-Ala Benue State, Nigeria

Heavy metals accumulation in biological system are by inhalation of contaminated air, intake of contaminated food or drinking water has been considered to be an ecological menace to man and other organisms. This study was carried out to ascertain the pollution status of Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in sediment of Akata Lake, Katsina- Ala Benue State, Nigeria. Sediment samples were collected, digested using 30% H2O2 followed by 0.5M HCl and the metal concentrations were determined with Varian AA240 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with Zeeman’s background correction (Varian, New Jersey, USA). The mean level of the heavy metals, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Cr are 31.05, 2.72, 19.22 and 0.88 mg/kg while the concentration of Cr was below the detection limit of the instrument. The values obtained were compared with the established soil and sediment standard by World Health Organization (WHO). The contamination factors value for Zn, Cu and Cd are <1 while that of Pb is >1, hence it shows that the sediment is polluted by lead. The pollution load index (PLI) and Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) levels for Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd heavy metals in sample A - E were less than 1 except for Pb which is >1, this show that, the sediment were polluted with Pb.

Macrozoobenthos Community Structure in Situ Cileunca, Pangalengan District, Bandung Regency, West Java

This research aims to determine the structure of the macrozoobenthos community which includes variety, diversity, uniformity, coefficient of similarity and the Family Biotic Index (FBI) macrozoobenthos as well as the physical and chemical parameters of the waters and to determine the pollution status of Situ Cileunca waters. The research was conducted in Situ Cileunca, Bandung Regency, West Java from January to February 2021. The research method used a survey method. The method used in data collection is purposive sampling by determining 5 stations and 4 times. Data analysis in this research uses descriptive analysis. The results showed that the lowest average Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) value was found at station 4 of 8.90 ±4.92 mg/L and the highest average BOD5 value was found at station 5 of 12.99 ± 6.60 mg/L. There are three species of macrozoobenthos that live in the waters of Situ Cileunca, namely Pomacea canaliculata, Filopaludina javanica and Anodonta woodiana. Macrozoobenthos abundance ranges from 400 - 704 ind/m2. The diversity index of macrozoobenthos is included in the low category, ranging from 0.17 to 0.28. The uniformity value ranged from 0.36 - 0.59 which was classified as moderate in all including except at station 4 which was classified as low. The lowest average similarity coefficient was found between stations 3 and 5 was 0.13 and the highest average similarity coefficient between stations 4 and 5 was 0.30. The index value of the FBI macrozoobenthos ranged from 6.05 to 6.18 with a rather poor category. The pollution status of Situ Cileunca is moderately polluted because the BOD5 value is categorized as moderately polluted, the diversity (H') is classified as heavily polluted and the FBI value is in the rather poor category.