A comparative study on radio frequency identification system and its various applications

<span>The radio frequency identification (RFID), is a wireless technology system that is used for identifying an individual or objects through the means of radio waves that transfer information from an electronic tag, called an RFID tag. RFID consists of two main components the interrogator and the transponder. The Interrogator, which is the RFID reader, the interrogator usually transmits and receives the signal while the transponder that is the tag, is attached to the object. In the RFID system, an RFID reader interrogates the RFID tags. This tag reader generates a radio frequency interrogation, which communicates with the tags been registered in the system. This reader likewise has a receiver that captures a reply signal generated from the tags and decodes the signal. This reply signal from the tags reflects the tag's information content. Each tag of the employee or student consists of a unique identity, identification card (ID) that is assigned to a single employee or student ID card, which is recorded, in the database of the system. This research reviews some recent designs and implementation of internet of things (IoT) attendance systems using the concept of the RFID system. The analysis found that the RFID system is a very advanced technology for an automatic attendance system in an institution, organization, or university and it provides a very higher performance and accuracy than the traditional paper-based system that the employees or students normally used to sign. The use of the RFID technology enables the institution, authorities, or management to evade attendance documents from damages such as misplacement, tear, or even got lost. A combination of the model is needed which will confirm higher security, better performance, and consistency of the system.</span>

ALL-DIGITAL PHASE LOCKED LOOP (ADPLL) TOPOLOGIES FOR RFID SYSTEM APPLICATION: A REVIEW

An all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL)-based local oscillator (LO) of RF transceiver application such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) system has gained popularity by accessing the benefits in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process technology. This paper reviews some state-of-art of the ADPLL structures based on their applications and analyses its major implementation block, which is the digital-controlled oscillator (DCO). The DCO is evaluated based on its CMOS scaling and its performance in ADPLL, such as the power consumption, the chip area, the frequency range, the supply voltage, and the phase noise. Based on the review, the reduction in CMOS scaling decreases the transistor size in ADPLL design which leads to a smaller area and a low power dissipation. The combination of the time-to-digital (TDC) and the digital-to-time converter (DTC) that is used as the phase-frequency detector (PFD) in ADPLL is proposed to reduce the power and phase noise performance due to their high linearity design. The delay cell oscillator is found to consume more power at higher operating frequency, but it has an advantage of having less complexity and consuming less power and area in the circuit compared to the LC tank oscillator. For future work, it is recommended that an ADPLL-based LO of RFID transceiver with lowest voltage supply implementation is chosen and the use of the TDC-less as the PFD is selected due to its small area. While for the DCO, the delay cell will be designed due to its simpler implementation and occupy small area.

Experimental Investigation and Statistical Analysis of Low Frequency RFID System

In today’s era RFID system plays a key role in the field of asset tracking but its maximum read range or detectability may get degraded due to the challenges which are being provided by varying atmospheric conditions. So, to study the effect of these challenging atmospheric conditions, experimental investigation and statistical analysis of RFID system detectability has been carried out. Varying surrounding temperature, humidity and the presence of soil layer thickness in between RFID reader and tag and its five different grain sizes were considered as input parameters. All these observations were carried out for three different soils i.e. sandy soil, Silt and clay. Execution of test was carried out according to the MINITAB 17 tool. According to ANOVA analysis as well as from interaction plot it was found that soil layer thickness have more impact on RFID system read range and R2 value was found to be 96.91%, 99.64% and 99.78% for RRSS, RRS and RRC respectively. Composite desirability of optimization was found to be 0.8425. Optimum values of process parameters Temperature, Soil Layer Thickness, Relative Humidity and Soil Grain Size were found to be 303.3°K, 2.5 cm, 40.1 %, 1.92 mm respectively. Best values of responses were found to be 10.94 cm for (Read Range in presence of Clay); 11.02 cm (Read Range in presence of Silt) and 10.97 cm (Read Range in presence of Sandy Soil).

The Concept of Implementation of Multifrequency RFID System Industrial Involvement in Laboratory Conditions

People have been dealing with the correct identification of objects for a long time. In industry, we cannot avoid this area, whether it is to identify people, semi-finished products or final products. Therefore, this article deals with the design of a multifrequency RFID system for industry 4.0. The idea of the article is to implement one type of identification technology for tracking objects using the radio frequency spectrum at different wavelengths. We have based our design on the built industrial-assembly line in the SmartTechLab laboratory, where we have implemented LF, HF and UHF systems connected by an industrial PLC into a complex system. In this article, we gradually focus on the selection of RFID systems, their cooperation and the design of connection to one portable box. Using an RFID box, we can monitor different types of objects and verify RFID reading using a single reading device or by creating portal RFID gateways. The implemented system consists of four middleware and four independent antennas that can cooperate. For proper operation, there is necessary implement not only hardware but also necessary software. The system can identify RFID tags in the range of 1 cm to several meters. Also, the advantage of the design is that it identifies all types of tags (industry, label, ceramic, laundry, paper). One of the main benefits of the design is modularity, mobility and the creation of a robust design that can be used for measurements in companies and also for educating students in laboratory conditions. The whole system is designed to meet the requirements of Industry 4.0 and improve the competitiveness of businesses.

An improved RFID anti-collision algorithm

In the communication of RFID system, it is easy to cause collision during data exchange between the tag and the reader, thus tags may not be identified. On the basis of researching binary algorithm, bit positions of collision are locked through setting different statuses of the order during collision, and then samples of the locked positions are recorded to select the remaining collision positions during the paging process to the descending order. Compared with traditional binary collision algorithm, significant improvements have been made in analyzing the algorithm’s indexes like searching times, amount of communication and throughput, improving efficiency of the system.

Towards an Efficient Chipless RFID System for Modern Applications in IoT Networks

In this article, we present the design and validation of an efficient chipless RFID system. A multi-resonator chipless tag is designed and tested for high bit coding capacity. A high gain, ultra-wideband step-shape rectangular patch (USRP) antenna is proposed to validate the specificity of the tag in terms of its operation. The devised antenna is evaluated for various performance parameters, which recommend its suitability for testing and validation of high-capacity tags that can be deployed in modern applications, particularly in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks. A measurement setup is established to achieve performance validation of the tag over a significant range of 40 cm. There is close agreement between the measured and simulated results, which suggests that the proposed antenna system can be adopted in a similar measurement setup to test and validate the performance of any chipless RFID tag operating in the same bandwidth meant for IoT networks.