Impacts on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio exposure with a mixed algal extract against Aeromonas hydrophila

This study evaluates the influence of mixed algal extract (<i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Euglena viridis</i> and <i>Spirulina platensis</i>) on common carp <i>Cyprinus Carpio</i>, which infected infect with bacterial pathogen <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>. <i>C. carpio</i> was administered intraperitoneally with various doses such as methanol extract (0, 0,1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg). The immunological parameters of fish blood and serum samples (Neutrophil activity, Lysozyme activity, Serum myeloperoxidase intensity, Serum bactericidal activity, and Serum antiprotease activity) were investigated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of post-immunization. Fish had been tested by virulent<i> A. hydrophila</i> for 30 days after treatment and 14 days after infection were identified with mortalities. The findings showed that neutrophil levels, lysozyme activity, serum bactericidal activity, myeloperoxidase activity, and serum antiprotease activity significantly enhanced (p<0.05) compared to untreated control. Mixed dietary algae at 1 and 10 mg/kg levels demonstrated slightly (p<0.05) higher relative percentage survival (90 percent) than control against <i>A. hydrophila</i> disease infection. Results indicated that mixed algal extract in <i>C. carpio</i> positively impacts non-specific immune parameters and boosts disease tolerance to <i>A. hydrophila</i> infections.

Production, characterization and cytotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles from Cystseira myrica

Background A green, eco-friendly approach to biosynthesizing silver nanoparticles has been reported for marine macroalga Cystseira myrica extract as a reducing agent. Methods Algal extract was prepared from the marine brown seaweed Cystoseira myrica. Different pH and temperature impact the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles suggesting that the synthesis depends greatly on pH and temperature. Silver nanoparticles have been detected by modifying the color of the algal extract and verified by the use of UV-vis and other characterizations. The Structure and characters of synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed using TEM, DLS, XRD, and FTIR. Cytotoxicity of the biosynthesized nanoparticles using provided cell lines of breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Results Shape of silver nanoparticles at pH 9, 75°C for 30 min and was found to be suitable for the biosynthesis process and the AgNPs exhibited a characteristic absorption peak at 434nm. High resolution Electron Microscope Transmission (HR-TEM) reported polydisperse and spherical shapes ranging from 8 to 15 nm. High attractive and repulsive forces between each nanoparticle were recorded with an average zeta potential value of approximately −29.3 mV for C. myrica extract NPs. The X-ray diffraction study revealed the crystalline structure of silver nanoparticles. FT-IR has shown the bioreduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles through biomolecules found in C. myrica extract. Silver nanoparticles have been found to have anticancer activity. The cytotoxicity assay was studied against MCF-7 and HepG2 at various concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.56, 0.78, 0.39, 0.2 and 0.1 μg/mL). By increasing the concentration of AgNPs from 0.1 to 100 μg/mL the maximum percentage of viability against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell line decreased from 94.55 ± 7.55 to 19.879 ± 0.503 and from 78.56 ± 11.36 to 25.81 ± 2.66 after time exposure respectively. Conclusions The silver nanoparticles from Cystoseira myrica have cytotoxicity activity against MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line and HepG2 human hepato cellular carcinoma cell line.

The Effect of Algal Extract of Spirulina Platensis, Cladophora Glomerata on Some Positive and Negative Bacterial Isolates of Gram Stain

This study examines the efficacy of the algal alcoholic extract isolated from Cladophora Spirulina platensis and glomerata and testing their efficacy against positive bacteria of Gram stain Staphylococcus aureus and the negative bacteria for Escherichia coli and Klebislla sp. The organic solvent ethanol was used at 95%. The efficacy of the extract was tested against some strains of positive and negative bacteria of Gram stain. The results of the extract showed that the positive bacteria of Gram stain has sensitivity towards the extract higher than the negative bacteria. The highest inhibitory efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus by inhibitive diameter zone of 20 mm and less inhibitive against negative bacteria E.coli by inhibitive diameter of 16 mm.

Single and combined effects of Bacillus spp. and brown seaweed (Sargassum vulgare) extracts as bio-stimulants of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) growth

Bacillus subtilis SV41, B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum SV65 and Sargassum vulgare extracts were evaluated for their plant growth-promoting potential on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) plants. Bio-treatments applied singly and/or in combination were further compared to a compost tea and to a commercial bio-fertilizer (Acadian™). Results clearly showed that the combined treatments based on the two Bacillus spp. strains and the aqueous algal extract and the last one mixed with B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum SV65 induced the highest enhancements in the plant height and the maximum root length which were estimated at 32.4-33.9%, 23.9-25.5% and 23.4-25% and at 36.8-41%, 32.9-37.4% and 36.3-40.5% compared to water, compost tea and Acadian™ based treatments, respectively. Furthermore, the combined treatment based on the aqueous algal extract and B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum SV65 had significantly improved eggplant growth where the recorded increments in the stem diameter, the aerial part fresh weight, and the root fresh weight varied from 17.5 to 24.6%, 38.4 to 46.1%, and 32.3 to 50% as compared to the three controls, respectively. As for single treatments tested, the aqueous extract had induced a significant improvement in the major growth parameters measured. Developed bio-stimulant was found to be more effective than compost tea and commercial bio-fertilizer based treatments.

Cladophora glomerata Extract and Static Magnetic Field Influences the Germination of Seeds and Multielemental Composition of Carrot

As carrot seeds are notoriously slow to germinate and are often irregular in breaking dormancy, new methods of stimulation are still sought. This study examines for the first time the effect of an algal extract and static magnetic field (SMF) and their synergistic effect on carrot seeds germination. The algal extract, produced from freshwater macroalgae - Cladophora glomerata, was used directly to the paper substrate at a dose of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %. The exposure of seeds to the magnetic field (500 mT and 1 T) was applied for 3, 6 and 12 min. The highest germination ability of carrot seedlings was observed for 20 and 80 % algal extract. The weakest germination was observed for the highest concentration of algal extract causing the highest amount of abnormal and dead seedlings. Parallel use of seeds stimulated with magnetic field and algal extract did not increase the number of germinated seeds significantly. Carrot’s seeds treated with algal extract showed increased content of elements - macro- Ca, K, Mg, S and microelements Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Future experiments are required to confirm the stimulation effect of algal extract (optimal concentration) and magnetic field (various induction values) on seeds germination.