Morphofunctional Features of the Thyroid Mast Cell Histotopography under Motor Activity

Dysfunction and pathology of the thyroid gland (TG) are inextricably related to structural and functional changes in the organ. It is known that the stroma of the thyroid gland contains mast cells (MCs) participating in adaptation processes.The aim of research was to study morphofunctional changes in MCs in various topographic zones of the canine thyroid gland in normal conditions and under muscular loads that cause structural transformations of the organ.Material and methods. The study involved digitized cross-sections of the central part of the right thyroid lobe of male dogs, aged 1.5 to 2 years. The animals were divided into the control (n = 16) and experimental groups (n = 67); they received single and multiple starting, training, extreme dynamic muscular loads with the heart rate control. MCs were detected using azure-eosin staining. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, the histoscore coefficient was calculated. In the ImageJ program, the area of MCs and their average optical density were measured relative to the geometric center of the section in the central, intermediate and peripheral zones.Results. Muscle loads during single and multiple trainings resulted in a stereotyped MC response: a decrease (p <0.008) in their number, cross-sectional area, average optical density, and histoscore coefficient. The duration and frequency of exposure formed a wide range of responses, up to atypical. Involvement of the central zone was detected in 100% of cases, intermediate in 2/3 of cases and peripheral in 50%.Conclusion. MCs provide integration in the central, intermediate and peripheral zones of the thyroid gland, and the magnitude and frequency of impacts determine the severity and specificity of their morphofunctional changes.

Effects of Sevoflurane at Different Concentrations on ApoE in Hippocampus of Aged Rats With Hypercholesterolemia

Objective: To observe the behavioral changes of aged rats with hypercholesterolemia after inhalation of 1.0 MAC and 1.3MAC sevoflurane , the levels of hippocampal ApoE3, ApoE4 and Aβ1-42, as well as the changes of Aβ1-42 levels of optical density in hippocampal CA3 and CA1 regions, and to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sevoflurane on cognitive function in aged rats with hypercholesterolemia.Method: The 15-month-old male SD rats were fed a high-fat diet for 9 months. Rats successfully modeled (N=54) were randomly divided into three groups:control group (Con group, n=18), low concentration sevoflurane group ( Sev1.0 group, n=18), high concentration sevoflurane group (Sev1.3 group, n=18). Rats in the three groups inhaled aero mixed gas(1L/min O2+1L/min Air), 1.0MAC sevoflurane and 1.3MAC sevoflurane for 2h respectively.1 day, 30 days and 90 days after sevoflurane treatment were defined as T1, T30 and T90 experimental periods, respectively. In the three experiments, 6 rats were randomly selected from Con group, Sev1.0 group and Sev1.3 group to complete the behavior experiment in Morris water maze.Subsequently, the levels of ApoE3, ApoE4 and Aβ1-42 in the left hippocampus were detected by Western Blot.Expression of Aβ1-42 in the right hippocampal CA3 and CA1 regions of rats in each group was detected by frozen immunofluorescence assay.Result: 1. No behavioral changes were found in T1, T30 and T90 experiments.2. At T1 and T30, ApoE4 and Aβ1-42 in Sev1.3 group was significantly different from that in Con group. At T90, there was no difference in the levels of ApoE4 and Aβ1-42 between groups. ApoE3 expression was not statistically significant in the three experimental periods. 3. At T1 and T30, the average optical density of Aβ1-42 in CA3 and CA1 region, Sev1.3 group was significantly different from that in Con group. At T90, there was no significant difference between groups.Conclusion: After inhalation of 1.3MAC sevoflurane in aged SD hypercholesterolemia rats, the levels of ApoE4 and Aβ1-42 were increased in hippocampus at early and middle stage, and the average optical density of Aβ1-42 was increased in CA3 and CA1 area. The change trend of the two ones was consistent, but not enough to cause behavioral changes.

A new approach to calculating the time to the blocking of the escape routes due to the loss of visibility in the smoke of an indoor fire

Introduction. The accuracy of the visibility analysis in the event of an indoor fire strongly depends on the smoke-generating ability of substances and materials obtained experimentally in small-scale units. Therefore, the task is to develop a method of analysis that takes account of the scale factor and does not use the specific coefficient of smoke generation to identify the range of visibility in a full-scale room.Goals and objectives. The goal of the research project is a new approach to the calculation of the time to the blocking of the escape routes due to the loss of visibility with due regard for the scale factor and without regard for the specific coefficient of smoke generation. To achieve this goal, the analysis of fire development patterns in small-scale and full-scale rooms was carried out; theoretical dependences between the volumetric average optical smoke density and other volumetric average parameters of the indoor gas environment were obtained for these patterns, and calculation results, based on the obtained dependences, were compared with the experimental data.Methods. Methods, employed by the co-authors, included solving non-stationary equations based on the principle of conservation of indoor gas energy, optical density of smoke and oxygen mass for the cases of closed and open-type indoor heat and mass transfer. Fire tests were conducted in a small-scale facility. Theoretical and experimental data were compared.Results. Analytical dependences between the volumetric average optical density of smoke, a change in the volumetric average temperature, and the volumetric average partial oxygen density for closed and open indoor fire patterns were obtained. The series of fire tests involving the PVC insulated and sheathed bare (coverless) cable, exposed to the effect of the varying density incident heat flux, were carried out. Experimental dependences between the time, the optical density of smoke, and the specific coefficient of smoke generation were obtained. The obtained volumetric average optical density of smoke was compared with the experimental data using the proposed analytical expressions.Conclusions. The co-authors suggest using experimental dependences between the volumetric average optical density of smoke, changes in the volumetric average temperature or the volumetric average partial oxygen density obtained in a small-scale facility without solving the differential equation based on the principle of conservation of optical density of smoke.

The Expression of αvβ3 and Osteopontin in Articular Cartilage of Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis and Its Correlation with Disease Severity and Chondrosenescence

Background: Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common joint pathological disease associated with aging,previous observations have revealed that both osteopontin (OPN) and αvβ3 integrin are expressed in chondrocytes and both could as the biomarker for the progression of knee OA .The research aimed to comprehend the expressions of OPN and αvβ3 integrin and the chondrocyte senescence levels in OA. Methods: 48 cartilage tissues from normal and knee OA patients were divided into four groups of normal,minor,moderate, severe lesions based on the Mankin score. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to determine the expresssions of αvβ3,OPN and SAβ-gal in articular cartilage,Then Spearman’s correlation was used to analyze the correlations between Mankin Scores and αvβ3, OPN and SAβ-gal. The pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation among the αvβ3, OPN and SAβ-gal. Results: The expression of OPN and αvβ3 and SAβ-gal in articular cartilage were explored. αvβ3, OPN and SAβ-gal proteins all elvated in OA cartilage, the correlation coefficient between the Mankin score and the average optical density value of αvβ3, OPN, SAβ-gal were r=0.60,r=0.75,r=0.87,respectively, all p＜0.001,the correlation between the average optical density value of αvβ3 and OPN was r=0.3191, p<0.05, the correlation between αvβ3 and SAβ-gal was r=0.4955, p<0.001 , the correlation between OPN and SAβ-gal was r=0.7821, p<0.001.Conclusion: the correlation between αvβ3 , OPN and SAβ-gal expression in articular cartilage might be important to the OA progression and pathogenesis. Nonetheless, more researches are needed to elucidate the exact contribution of αvβ3 , OPN and SAβ-gal in the degenerative process of OA.

Therapeutic effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on form-deprived amblyopic kittens

Background : Exploring the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the lateral geniculate body (LGBd) in visual development and studying the therapeutic effect of VIP on amblyopic kittens. Methods: Three-week-old domestic cats were divided into a control group (n = 10) and a monocular deprivation group (n = 20), with an eye mask covering the right eye of those in the deprived group. After pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) recording confirmed the formation of monocular amblyopia, the left LGBd was isolated from 5 kittens in each group. The remaining control kittens continued to be raised, and the remaining deprivation group was divided into a VIP intervention group (n = 5), Sefsol (caprylic acid monoglyceride, VIP solution) intervention group (n = 5) and amblyopia non-intervention group (n = 5) after removal of the eye mask. Three weeks later, PVEPs, VIP immunohistochemistry and VIP mRNA expression in the left LGBd were compared across groups. Results: At 6 weeks of age, there were significant differences in P100 wave latency and amplitude and VIP immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization between the control group and the deprivation group (P < 0.05). After 3 weeks of the corresponding interventions, the latency and amplitude in the VIP intervention group were better than that in the Sefsol intervention group and amblyopia non-intervention group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, VIP treatment increased the number of immunohistochemical VIP-positive cells (P < 0.05) and the average optical density of positive cells (P > 0.05), as well as the number (P < 0.05) and average optical density of VIP mRNA-positive cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion s : VIP plays an important role in visual development. Nasal administration of VIP can improve the function of neurons in the LGBd of kittens and has a certain therapeutic effect on amblyopia.

Therapeutic effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on form-deprived amblyopic kittens

Background: Exploring the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the lateral geniculate body (LGBd) in visual development and studying the therapeutic effect of VIP on amblyopic kittens. Methods: Three-week-old domestic cats were divided into a control group (n = 10) and a monocular deprivation group (n = 20), with an eye mask covering the right eye of those in the deprived group. After pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) recording confirmed the formation of monocular amblyopia, the left LGBd was isolated from 5 kittens in each group. The remaining control kittens continued to be raised, and the remaining deprivation group was divided into a VIP intervention group (n = 5), Sefsol (caprylic acid monoglyceride, VIP solution) intervention group (n = 5) and amblyopia non-intervention group (n = 5) after removal of the eye mask. Three weeks later, PVEPs, VIP immunohistochemistry and VIP mRNA expression in the left LGBd were compared across groups. Results: At 6 weeks of age, there were significant differences in P100 wave latency and amplitude and VIP immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization between the control group and the deprivation group (P < 0.05). After 3 weeks of the corresponding interventions, the latency and amplitude in the VIP intervention group were better than that in the Sefsol intervention group and amblyopia non-intervention group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, VIP treatment increased the number of immunohistochemical VIP-positive cells (P < 0.05) and the average optical density of positive cells (P > 0.05), as well as the number (P < 0.05) and average optical density of VIP mRNA-positive cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions: VIP plays an important role in visual development. Nasal administration of VIP can improve the function of neurons in the LGBd of kittens and has a certain therapeutic effect on amblyopia.

Therapeutic effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on form-deprived amblyopic kittens

Background Exploring the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the lateral geniculate body (LGBd) in visual development and studying the therapeutic effect of VIP on amblyopic kittens. Methods Three-week-old domestic cats were divided into a control group (n = 10) and a monocular deprivation group (n = 20), with an eye mask covering the right eye of those in the deprived group. After pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) recording confirmed the formation of monocular amblyopia, the left LGBd was isolated from 5 kittens in each group. The remaining control kittens continued to be raised, and the remaining deprivation group was divided into a VIP intervention group (n = 5), Sefsol (caprylic acid monoglyceride) intervention group (n = 5) and amblyopia non-intervention group (n = 5) after removal of the eye mask. Three weeks later, PVEPs, VIP immunohistochemistry and VIP mRNA expression in the left LGBd were compared across groups. Results At 6 weeks of age, there were significant differences in P100 wave latency and amplitude and VIP immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization between the control group and the deprivation group (P < 0.05). After 3 weeks of the corresponding interventions, the latency and amplitude in the VIP intervention group were better than that in the Sefsol intervention group and amblyopia non-intervention group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, VIP treatment increased the number of immunohistochemical VIP-positive cells (P < 0.05) and the average optical density of positive cells (P > 0.05), as well as the number (P < 0.05) and average optical density of VIP mRNA-positive cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions VIP plays an important role in visual development. Nasal administration of VIP can improve the function of neurons in the LGBd of kittens and has a certain therapeutic effect on amblyopia.

Effect of three different types of culture conditions on Spirulina maxima growth

Growth of Spirulina maxima was studied in three types of culture conditions with four replicates each: 1) manual aeration with natural sunlight; 2) manual aeration with artificial light; and 3) constant aeration with an aquarium compressor and artificial light. After 185 days of incubation, growth declined in the first two treatments, while in the third treatment, higher growth was observed with average optical density of 3.7 against 1.8 and 1.9 in the first and second treatment, respectively. This was probably due to the fact that under constant aeration the salts were suspended avoiding the crystallization what could cause a decrease in the availability of the necessary nutrients for the growth. Also, the constant stirring allowed all the cells to receive the same amount of light promoting photosynthesis and consequently, a larger growth and characteristic green coloration. Culture with constant aeration under artificial light should be used for S. maxima cultivation because, besides reducing labor hours, it could be a more effective method for improving the economic income.