Geografi Emosi Tentang COVID-19 pada Pelajar

Latar Belakang : Corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan salah satu jenis virus yang disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), telah muncul sebagai ancaman kesehatan global Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang terkena dampak dari pandemi COVID-19. Selama masa pandemi banyak orang menunjukkan respon yang terkait dengan stres atau kecemasan. Anak –anak dan remaja mengalami kecemasan, takut, merasa tertekan, merasa tidak tenang, dan khawatir sehingga dapat menyebabkan gangguan emosi. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi geografi emosi tentang COVID-19 pada siswa SMPN VIII di Kota Cimahi. Metode : Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan google form yang disebar secara online kepada siswa. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah mengacu kepada instrumen standar COVID Stress Scales (CSS) 2020 dengan 36 item pernyataan. Hasil : geografi emosi siswa paling tinggi berada pada domain Xenophobia dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 3,394, selanjutnya adalah domain danger dengan nilai rata-rata 3,327. Untuk nilai rata rata yang paling rendah yaitu berada pada domain Compulsive Checking dengan nilai rata-rata 2,107. Selama pandemi nilai rata-rata geografi emosi tertinggi berada pada domain ketakutan (xenophobia). Kesimpulan : Xenophobia dalam ancaman penyebaran COVID-19 dapat meningkatkan ketakutan membawa penyakit sehingga mengarah pada penurunan kesejahteraan secara emosi. Pentingnya dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan di masa pandemic COVID-19.

Orthorexia Nervosa and the Use of Exposure and Response Prevention to Treat Eating-Related Obsessions and Compulsions

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a proposed diagnosis involving rigid, intrusive thoughts and unusual beliefs about healthy eating, associated with restrictive eating behaviors. People with ON may avoid specific foods, food additives, dyes, or preservatives, and non-organic or genetically modified foods seen as “impure” or “unnatural,” often engaging in compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, decontamination, or other rituals to ensure that food “rules” are followed and that food is “healthy” and “pure.” ON is distinguished from healthy orthorexia, a non-impairing interest in healthy eating and nutrition. The distinction between ON and eating disorders involving obsessions about weight and shape and restrictive eating motivated by fear of weight gain is less clear. In this chapter, ON and related eating disorder symptoms associated with the diagnoses of anorexia nervosa, atypical anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder are conceptualized as obsessive-compulsive phenomena. Special considerations for exposure and response interventions for patients with clinically significant restrictive eating are described, including recommendations for when to refer patients to eating disorder specialists.

Memantine and Riluzole Exacerbate, Rather Than Ameliorate Behavioral Deficits Induced by 8-OH-DPAT Sensitization in a Spatial Task

Chronic sensitization to serotonin 1A and 7 receptors agonist 8-OH-DPAT induces compulsive checking and perseverative behavior. As such, it has been used to model obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-like behavior in mice and rats. In this study, we tested spatial learning in the 8-OH-DPAT model of OCD and the effect of co-administration of memantine and riluzole—glutamate-modulating agents that have been shown to be effective in several clinical trials. Rats were tested in the active place avoidance task in the Carousel maze, where they learned to avoid the visually imperceptible shock sector. All rats were subcutaneously injected with 8-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg) or saline (control group) during habituation. During acquisition, they were pretreated with riluzole (1 mg/kg), memantine (1 mg/kg), or saline solution 30 min before each session and injected with 8-OH-DPAT (“OH” groups) or saline (“saline” groups) right before the experiment. We found that repeated application of 8-OH-DPAT during both habituation and acquisition significantly increased locomotion, but it impaired the ability to avoid the shock sector. However, the application of 8-OH-DPAT in habituation had no impact on the learning process if discontinued in acquisition. Similarly, memantine and riluzole did not affect the measured parameters in the “saline” groups, but in the “OH” groups, they significantly increased locomotion. In addition, riluzole increased the number of entrances and decreased the maximum time avoided of the shock sector. We conclude that monotherapy with glutamate-modulating agents does not reduce but exacerbates cognitive symptoms in the animal model of OCD.

The psychology of cryptocurrency trading: Risk and protective factors

Background and aimsCrypto-currency trading is a rapidly growing form of behaviour characterised by investing in highly volatile digital assets based largely on blockchain technology. In this paper, we review the particular structural characteristics of this activity and its potential to give rise to excessive or harmful behaviour including over-spending and compulsive checking. We note that there are some similarities between online sports betting and day trading, but also several important differences. These include the continuous 24-hour availability of trading, the global nature of the market, and the strong role of social media, social influence and non-balance sheet related events as determinants of price movements.MethodsWe review the specific psychological mechanisms that we propose to be particular risk factors for excessive crypto trading, including: over-estimations of the role of knowledge or skill, the fear of missing out (FOMO), preoccupation, and anticipated regret. The paper examines potential protective and educational strategies that might be used to prevent harm to inexperienced investors when this new activity expands to attract a greater percentage of retail or community investors.Discussion and conclusionsThe paper suggests the need for more specific research into the psychological effects of regular trading, individual differences and the nature of decision-making that protects people from harm, while allowing them to benefit from developments in blockchain technology and crypto-currency.

Obsessive compulsive disorder in coroners’ reports

AimsThe frequency and burden of suicidality in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders have historically been under-reported, despite research pointing to a significant association between OCD and suicidality. Likewise, OCD is frequently undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. This study looks at coroners’ reports relating to suicides in UK, Australia and Canada in order to:Explore characteristics of suspected or confirmed cases of OCD in coroners’ reportsIdentify instances of possible undiagnosed or misdiagnosed OCDIdentify recurring themes in the reportsMethod1869 publicly available coroners’ reports were accessed from England (n = 200), Scotland (n = 128), Canada (n = 680) and Australia (n = 861). Reports were screened in order to identify individuals who had either a diagnosis of OCD (n = 16), a diagnosis of a related condition (n = 4), or indications of possible undiagnosed OCD (n = 12). Wherever possible, demographic and psychiatric characteristics were extracted for statistical analysis. Qualitative thematic analysis was carried out on selected reports.Result32 cases of interest were identified from analysis of coroners’ reports of suicides that took place between the years of 2000 and 2020. Breakdown by country was as follows:United Kingdom: n = 6 (1.8% of total reports analysed from United Kingdom)Canada n = 3 (0.4% of total reports analysed from Canada)Australia n = 23 (2.7% of total reports analysed from Australia)Among those with possible undiagnosed OCD, common experiences were fear of causing harm, intrusive thoughts of guilt and shame, and compulsive checking and/or reassurance seeking. Further themes included: misdiagnosis, failings in mental health care, stigma and discrimination.ConclusionIndividuals with OCD are thought to be up to ten times more likely to die by suicide, with this risk increasing in the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. However, OCD remains underdiagnosed, and this may be reflected in the relatively low number of suicides identified for this study where OCD was diagnosed before death. The low numbers may also point to a tendency among both coroners and healthcare professionals to underestimate the association between OCD and suicidality.Qualitative analysis of the coroners’ reports identified a theme of intolerable distress. This distress was documented most extensively in reports where OCD was strongly indicated but never diagnosed, highlighting the impact of missed, late or incorrect diagnosis.Notably, nearly all of the reports reveal repeated attempts by the individual to seek help. Despite this, many experienced stigma, mental health service failings and missed opportunities for help in the months preceding their deaths.

Teaching Anxiety, Stress and Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evaluating the Vulnerability of Academic Professionals in Mexico Through the Adapted COVID-19 Stress Scales

To mitigate the COVID-19 infection, many world governments endorsed the cessation of non-essential activities, such as the school attendance, forcing a shift of the teaching model to the virtual classroom. From this shift, several changes in the teaching paradigm derived, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, which could have an impact in academic professional's mental health. In the present work we show the application of a modified version of the adapted COVID-19 stress scales (ACSS) which also included teaching anxiety and preparedness, and resilience for academic professionals in Mexico. These scales were applied during the unprecedented transformation of the education system undergone in the COVID-19 quarantine. Most of the studied variables: gender, age, academic degree, household occupants, having a disease, teaching level, teaching mode, work hours, resilience, teaching anxiety and preparedness, and fear of being an asymptomatic patient (FOBAP), showed significant statistical correlation between each other (p < 0.050) and to the 6 areas of the ACSS (danger, contamination, social economical, xenophobia, traumatic stress, and compulsive checking). Our results further showed that the perceived stress and anxiety fell into the category of Absent to Mild, with only the danger section of the ACSS falling into the Moderate category. Finally, the resilience generated throughout the quarantine was very high, which seems to be a predictor of adaptation the academic professional has undergone to cope with stress.

Disentangling Doubt and Checking Behaviors and Examining Their Association With Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms

Experiencing doubt in an uncertain situation has been theorized to be an antecedent of compulsive checking. However, whether and when obsessive compulsive (OC) symptoms are associated with experiencing doubt and increased checking is unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between OC symptoms, the experience of doubt, and checking in a tone-discrimination task. Doubt was measured using mouse tracking, an indirect, unobtrusive measure. The results of two studies ( N = 119) showed that OC symptoms were associated with elevated experiences of doubt when uncertainty was low. However, OC symptoms were not associated with increased checking, but doubt was. Results highlight the utility of mouse-tracking measures to capture the tendency of individuals with OC symptoms to experience doubt even under neutral conditions. The unexpected null results concerning checking suggest some specific directions for research to determine the conditions under which doubt evolves into checking in obsessive compulsive disorder.

Fear, Stress, and Knowledge regarding COVID-19 in Nursing Students and Recent Graduates in Mexico

Objective. The study sought to correlate fear, stress, knowledge regarding COVID-19 in Nursing students and recent graduates in Mexico. Methods. Correlational design, sample comprising 912 nursing students and graduates during the last 18 months from public and private universities of Mexico. To measure the variables, the study applied the instrument Fear of COVID-19 Scale, knowledge subscale of the scale Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19, and the instrument COVID Stress Scale. Results. Relationship was found of the age variable with fear, danger of contamination, traumatic stress, knowledge and minor socioeconomic consequences (p<0.05). Likewise, relationship was observed of fear with stress regarding COVID-19, danger of contamination, socioeconomic consequences, xenophobia, traumatic stress, and compulsive checking (p<0.05). Stress and knowledge explain the presence of fear regarding COVID-19 in 50.3%, and fear and knowledge explain stress regarding COVID-19 in 50.4%. Conclusion. Nursing students and recent graduates have high levels of stress and fear, besides low level of knowledge. The presence of high stress and low knowledge predict fear regarding COVID-19. Interventions are required on knowledge, stress, and fear regarding COVID-19 in the population studied.

Fear, Stress, and Knowledge regarding COVID-19 in Nursing Students and Recent Graduates in Mexico

Objective. The study sought to correlate fear, stress, knowledge regarding COVID-19 in Nursing students and recent graduates in Mexico. Methods. Correlational design, sample comprising 912 nursing students and graduates during the last 18 months from public and private universities of Mexico. To measure the variables, the study applied the instrument Fear of COVID-19 Scale, knowledge subscale of the scale Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19, and the instrument COVID Stress Scale. Results. Relationship was found of the age variable with fear, danger of contamination, traumatic stress, knowledge and minor socioeconomic consequences (p<0.05). Likewise, relationship was observed of fear with stress regarding COVID-19, danger of contamination, socioeconomic consequences, xenophobia, traumatic stress, and compulsive checking (p<0.05). Stress and knowledge explain the presence of fear regarding COVID-19 in 50.3%, and fear and knowledge explain stress regarding COVID-19 in 50.4%. Conclusion. Nursing students and recent graduates have high levels of stress and fear, besides low level of knowledge. The presence of high stress and low knowledge predict fear regarding COVID-19. Interventions are required on knowledge, stress, and fear regarding COVID-19 in the population studied.