5. Winning and Losing Elections

This chapter assesses what politicians and members of political parties really care about: getting into office on the back of a successful election campaign. Rather than the general determinants of voting outlined in the previous chapter, this is about the choices voters and parties face within a particular system, so they can organize themselves to win. For that they need to play by the rules of the game, which includes developing strategies within electoral systems. The chapter then discusses the impact of electoral systems on that calculus, and how the number of parties is affected by the electoral system in place. It also looks at the factors that assist the winning of elections, and the extent to which the choices of parties and voters are affected by growing instability in the system. Overall, the chapter provides an overview of British political parties and party systems.

Exploring and developing strategies for integration in a classroom setting within higher education

Integration in the classroom is discussed openly within the school setting, but largely remains a taboo subject within higher education (HE). Staff often make visual observations that students tend to sit with one another based on sex, ethnicity, class, ability and/or faith. As educators, we can address the issue superficially via the use of classroom plans in the form of covert integration. However, the need to adopt such strategies and their effectiveness remains un-assessed. I explored the issue of integration in the classroom amongst students in the first year of their law degree via action-based research. Initially, there appeared to be a reluctance amongst students to engage in a dialogue on the issue of integration. However, when they did, the students commented on the benefits of social and/or academic integration and were open to the mixing of students within a classroom setting. The research also indicated that after the integrated workshops, students developed an increased confidence in mixing with people from different backgrounds and increasingly felt part of a community both within the classroom and as part of the University.

Playing to the Regionality of Pharmacies as a Strength in the Search for Skilled Workers

The shortage of skilled workers is omnipresent today. In order to be able to fill vacancies with qualified staff, a pharmacy that only operates within a limited regional radius can use this regionality as a strength. The effect can then be used both regionally and supra-regionally by developing strategies IN or WITH the region.

The Neutralization Theory of Hatred

We argue herein that, while often conceptualized as an extreme form of anger, hatred is a human emotion distinct from anger, with unique triggers, conceptual orientations, and terminating conditions. An examination of the social conditions of our species’ evolutionary history reveals that hatred evolved to address its own distinct adaptive problem: individuals whose existence was -- on balance -- costly to the hater. Because a well-designed system for solving this problem would have been tailored toward neutralizing those costs, we call this hypothesis ‘the neutralization theory of hatred.’ This theory places the features of hatred within a functional framework. Specifically, we argue that hatred is triggered by cues that an individual’s existence causes fitness decrements for the hater. Cognitively, hatred orients the mind so as to view costs heaped onto the hated person as benefits to the hater -- thus motivating spiteful behavior -- and can be characterized as maintaining a negative intrinsic welfare tradeoff parameter toward the hated person. Behaviorally, hatred can motivate either avoidance or a predatory style cost infliction strategy that is designed to weaken, incapacitate, or terminate the target. Hatred can be a dangerous emotion, and we believe a more thorough understanding of its evolved function is crucial for developing strategies that help mitigate its costs to society at large.

Pelatihan Penggunaan Instagram dalam Promosi Produk Kuliner

The role of social media is very important for the advancement of various fields in this digital era. The existence of a pandemic and the rules that have been set, such as restrictions on the application of community activities have made many small and medium businesses, especially culinary products, have to sell their products online. The Faculty of Tourism of Pelita Harapan University has invited partners of Culinary Department SMKN7 to carry out Community Service (PkM) through a webinar entitled Training on the Use of Social Media in Promotion of Culinary Products. This PkM provides training to students of the Catering Department to be able to sell culinary products that are produced to be easily accepted by the community by utilizing the role of social media. This PkM is expected to be a lesson to broaden your horizons on how to use promotional strategies by maximizing the use of social media roles in promoting culinary products you want to sell. The method used is to conduct webinars with the zoom application. This webinar provides the results of a better understanding of the participants to increase creativity in developing strategies for compiling the content of the culinary products produced so that they are more accessible to the public.

The Implementation of Waqf as ‘Urf in Indonesia

As a tradition that has been practised for a long time, waqf or endowment is clear evidence that Muslims in Indonesia are developing through this worship. However, what if the waqf is in the form of a mosque, Islamic school, and grave (3M’s waqf). It is an unusual thing in the contemporary Islamic tradition, but its existence persists. Meanwhile, 'Urf as one of the legal propositions in establishing Islamic law has known the concept and has been practised for generations in suburban areas where most of the population is Muslim. This tradition is then accommodated in Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning endowment, which contains land endowment and endowment organiser (nazhir). This paper examines the tradition of endowment in Indonesian society to benefit mosques, Islamic schools, and graves. By using the historical and analytical-conceptual approaches, this paper will analyse waqf in these three forms. The results of this study can be taken into consideration by stakeholders in developing strategies for strengthening and empowering 3M's donated land to create benefits for the Indonesian since 3M’s endowment is commonly found in Indonesian society.