Reflecting Religious Beliefs on Mummification in Ancient Egypt 1567-1085 BC

This study titled (reflecting religious beliefs on mummification in ancient Egypt 1567-1085 BC), is a scientific activity that focuses on the influence of religious beliefs on the practice of mummification. The Egyptians believed that they would await a better life after death, especially the kings, who would go before the gods and appoint rewards and punishment for them, so they considered it necessary. A protect and mummification body to reach his stage in the second world, all steps of mummification and burial have been done by religious men and with the consent of the gods.

Choice-confirmation bias in reinforcement learning changes with age during adolescence

Confirmation bias, the widespread tendency to favour evidence that confirms rather than disconfirms one’s prior beliefs and choices, has been shown to play a role in the way decisions are shaped by rewards and punishment, known as confirmatory reinforcement learning. Given that exploratory tendencies change during adolescence, we investigated whether confirmatory learning also changes during this age. In an instrumental learning task, participants aged 11-33 years attempted to maximize monetary rewards by repeatedly sampling different pairs of novel options, which varied in their reward/punishment probabilities. Our results showed an age-related increase in accuracy with as long as learning contingencies remained stable across trials, but less so when they reversed halfway through the trials. Across participants, there was a greater tendency to stay with an option that had delivered a reward on the immediately preceding trial, more than to switch away from an option that had just delivered a punishment, and this behavioural asymmetry also increased with age. Younger participants spent more time assessing the outcomes of their choices than did older participants, suggesting that their learning inefficiencies were not due to reduced attention. At a computational level, these decision patterns were best described by a model that assumes that people learn very little from disconfirmatory evidence and that they vary in the extent to which they learn from confirmatory evidence. Such confirmatory learning rates also increased with age. Overall, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a discrepancy between confirmatory and disconfirmatory learning increases with age during adolescence.

Strategy of Islamic Religious Education Teachers in Increasing Student Learning Motivation

The purpose of the article was to describe and analyze strategies of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) Teachers in Improving Students' Learning Motivation in Madrasah Aliyah (MA) Class X Hikmatul Amanah. The type of research used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data collection is done by observation, interviews, documentation. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman method, namely by reducing, presenting, and certifying data. To test the validity of the data by testing credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results of this article show 1) IRE teachers at Hikmatul Amanah Mojokerto Islamic School have implemented strategies and methods that are in accordance with the applicable curriculum at the school. However, there are still shortcomings where the teacher lacks varied and boring strategies and methods in the learning process so that students are less motivated to learn pie subjects 2) the inhibiting factor of the teacher's strategy in increasing student motivation to learn is the lack of communication between teachers and parents, the lack of learning media, the family environment, and the school environment can also be an obstacle for teachers during the teaching and learning process. The supporting factors for the teacher's strategy are from the students themselves, how they feel a strong desire and have high aspirations so they are motivated to learn and receive support in the form of attention, rewards, and punishment, praise from family, teachers, and the environment.

Credit Risk Assessment of e-Commerce Supply Chain Finance of SMEs Based on Dynamic Reward and Punishment Perspective

In view of problems such as lack of dynamism, limited research subjects, and lack of future development trends in previous studies, the paper takes small and microenterprises (SMEs) as research objects under the background of e-commerce supply chain finance. Based on the perspective of dynamic rewards and punishments, credit rewards and punishment value and time weights are embedded in the static evaluation results obtained by the traditional TOPSIS method. The Grey relative analysis method is used to reflect the development trend of enterprises’ credit and to build the traditional TOPSIS model and the credit risk evaluation model of e-commerce supply chain finance of SMEs by the improved TOPSIS method based on the dynamic perspective of rewards and punishments. Finally, the model is applied to SMEs credit risk evaluation of e-commerce supply chain finance to verify the feasibility and rationality of the model.

Punishment, rewards and the importance of desert

We tend to think that if we are rewarded or punished, it is due to the fact that we deserve it – that we did something that merits such praise or blame. In this article, I am interested in its relationship with criminal responsibility and criminal punishment. Whilst desert is an important concept in criminal responsibility its importance is, at times, undeveloped. My aim in this work is not to reject desert or deny its importance in criminal punishment. Instead, I will rework the concept of desert defended mainly by retributivism. I will approach this issue by considering the problem of desert in relation to rewards and punishment. Furthermore, I distinguished between two particular ways in which desert plays different and important roles: formal desert and material desert.

The Implementation of the Jigsaw Technique to Increase Students' Listening Achievement and Motivation Aspects

Teaching listening needs improvement because many students get low scores on the listening test. This condition should be improved by providing a new teaching technique. Students in Mutiara Senior High School have problems in mastering a listening skill. They are difficult to catch the meaning while the listening test is given. The purposes of this study are to find out whether there is a significant increase after being taught by jigsaw technique and which motivation aspects (effort, goal, persistence, and frequency) have the most influence on students' achievement in learning English. This experimental study was measured by pretest and posttest designs. The research subject was class XI of science class in even semester of Mutiara Senior High School in South Lampung. The instrument to measure students' listening achievement was a listening comprehension test which consisted of 30 multiple choices. Another instrument was a close-ended questionnaire with 20 questions to know which motivation aspect had the most influence on students' English achievements. The data were analyzed by using the t-test formula. The computation result showed that t-ratio in the experimental class had a significant increase from pretest (49.13) to posttest (71.45) after being taught by the jigsaw technique. The result of the computation showed that the value of the two-tailed significance was 0.000. Since the sign α (0.000 0.05), the value indicated that the numbers represented the significance. It means that the treatment given had a better effect on students' ability. In addition, it revealed that the most influential motivation aspect was an effort. Therefore, students' personal or group tasks should be supported by giving rewards and punishment to improve students' efforts in learning.

RISIKO PENYEBAB CACAT BUTTON DENGAN METODE FMEA DAN FTA PADA DEPARTEMEN WAREHOUSE (STUDI KASUS PT. MATARAM TUNGGAL GARMENT)

Mataram Tunggal Garment merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang tekstil dan produk tekstil yang memproduksi pakaian wanita jadi yang terletak di Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Pada PT. Mataram Tunggal Garment terdapat beberapa bahan baku yang didapat dari supplier salah satunya adalah aksesoris pakaian yang sebagian besar didapatkan dari supplier. Tidak dipungkiri masih banyak produk dari supplier yang mengalami cacat produk terutama pada aksesoris button. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah metode yang tepat untuk mencari akar dari penyebab kecacatan untuk penurunan tingkat kecacatan produk khususnya pada produk button. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu FMEA dan FTA. FMEA merupakan teknik yang digunakan untuk mendefinisi, mengidentifikasi, dan menghilangkan kegagalan dan masalah pada suatu proses, setelah itu melakukan pembobotan nilai dan pengurutan berdasarkan RPN. Selanjutnya membuat analisis untuk perbaikan dengan menggunakan metode FTA berdasarkan nilai RPN yang tertinggi. Berdasarkan hasil metode FMEA didapatkan hasil RPN tertinggi pada cacat retak/patah dan cacat warna yaitu sebesar 336 dan 240. Berdasarkan hasil analisis menggunakan metode FTA, terdapat 3 basic event yang menyebabkan timbulnya top level event pada cacat warna yaitu, beban kerja yang berlebih, kondisi kesehatan yang menurun, dan suhu tidak optimum untuk bekerja. Sedangkan pada cacat retak/patah terdapat 5 basic event yaitu, tidak mengetahui prosedur kerja, karyawan yang kurang teliti, tidak adanya pengawasan, tidak terdapat SOP, dan tidak adanya pemeriksaan secara berkala. Usulan perbaikan yang dapat diberikan berupa rotasi kerja, penggunaan APD, penyediaan ventilasi udara, perbaikan dan penambahan SOP, pengawasan dan pemeriksaan pada inventory, dan pemberian reward dan punishment kepada pekerja. Kata kunci: Produk Cacat, FMEA, FTA, RPN Mataram Tunggal Garment is a company engaged in textiles products that produces apparel for women, located in Sleman, Yogyakarta. PT. Mataram Tunggal Garment has several raw materials obtained from suppliers, one of which is clothing accessories, which are mostly obtained from suppliers. It is undeniable that there are still many products from suppliers that defects, especially in button accessories. Therefore we need an appropriate method to find the root causes of defects to reduce the level of products defect, especially in button accessories. The methods used in this research are FMEA and FTA. FMEA is a technique used to define, identify, and eliminate failures and problems in a process, after which weighting and sorting are based on RPN. Then make an analysis for improvement using FTA method based on the highest RPN value. Based on the results of the FMEA method, the highest RPN results were obtained for cracks/fractures and color defects, 336 and 240. Based on the results of the analysis using FTA method, there are 3 basic events that cause top level events to color defects, excess workload, decreased health conditions, and not optimum temperature for work. Whereas for cracked/ fracture defects there are 5 basic events, not knowing work procedures, employees who are not careful, there is no supervision, there is no SOP, and there is no periodic inspection. Improvements that can be given are in the form of work rotation, use PPE, provision of air ventilation, improvement an addition SOP, supervision and inspection of inventory, and giving rewards and punishment to workers. Keywords: Product Defects, FMEA, FTA, RPN

Konsep Kurikulum Leadership Ekstrakurikuler SMP Berbasis Sifat Kepemimpinan Umar Bin Abdul Aziz

Abstrak Penelitian ini berangkat dari dua hal penting. Pertama, fakta sejarah bahwa kepemimpinan Umar bin Abdul Aziz telah berhasil secara sangat signifikan dalam memberikan kesejahteraan dan rasa keadilan kepada rakyatnya. Kedua, Pada tataran taktis, penyusunan kurikulum Kepemimpinan/leadership di lembaga pendidikan Islam, acapkali tidak berlandaskan pada konsep Islam yang jernih, tetapi diambil dari teori-teori barat yang jauh dari nilai-nilai Aqidah dan dakwah Islam. karena itu, jika ditilik dari Wordview Islam, rancangan kurikulum Pendidikan leadership masih memiliki banyak kelemahan. Penelitian ini dirumuskan untuk mendeskripsikan sifat kepemimpinan Umar Bin Abdul Aziz. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi tokoh, bertujuan untuk menggali Analisa pemikiran tokoh terhadap sejarah ketokohan melalui literatur primer maupun sekunder yang berkaitan dengan objek penelitian untuk melahirkan Konsep Kurikulum Leadership Ekstrakurikuler SMP Islam. Penelitian ini menghasilkan pembahasan tentang Konsep Kurikulum Leadership Ekstrakurikuler SMP Islam, ringkasnya; (1) Penyusunan Kurikulum Leadership Ekstrakurikuler berasaskan pada pondasi Tauhid, (2) Tujuan Kurikulum, untuk membentuk Peserta Didik yang berakhlak mulia, Lebih khusus lagi, untuk membentuk peserta didik yang memiliki sifat kepemimpinan Umar bin Abdul aziz diantaranya; (a) Sangat takut kepada Allah, (b) Zuhud (Sederhana), (c) Rendah Hati, (d) Wara’ (berhati-hati), (e) Lemah lembut dan Pemaaf, (f) Sabar, (g) Tegas, dan (h) Adil (3) Materi Kurikulum, diantaranya; (a) Materi Tauhid yang meliputi Tauhid Rububiyah, Tauhid Uluhiyah, Tauhid Asma’ wa Sifat, dan al-Wala’ wa al-Bara’, (b) Materi Akhlak yang meliputi; Zuhud (Sederhana), Rendah Hati, Wara’ (berhati-hati), Lemah lembut, Pema’af, dan Sabar, (c) Materi Sejarah, khususnya Sejarah Emas Kepemimpin Umar bin Abdul Aziz, dan (d) Materi Manajemen; Tegas, dan Adil. (4) Metode Penyampaian Kurikulum, diantaranya; Metode Keteladanan, Metode Fun Learning, Metode Diskusi dan Tanya Jawab, Metode Targhib dan Tarhib, Metode Pemberian Hadiah dan Hukuman, dan Metode Berkisah, dan (5) Evaluasi Kurikulum; (a) terbentuknya tim Evaluasi, (b) Rangkaian kerja Evaluasi kurikulum (Unsur Evaluator, Unsur yang dievaluasi, Unsur kesahihan hasil evaluasi, Unsur pengakuan terhadap hasil evaluasi, (c) Jenis Evaluasi (evaluasi formatif, evaluasi sumatif, evaluasi placement, evaluasi diagnosis). Abstract This research departs from two important things. First, the historical fact that the leadership of Umar bin Abdul Aziz has succeeded very significantly in providing prosperity and a sense of justice to its people. Second, at the tactical level, the preparation of leadership curricula in Islamic educational institutions is often not based on a clear Islamic concept, but is taken from western theories that are far from the values ​​of Aqidah and Islamic da'wah. Therefore, when viewed from the Islamic Wordview, the design of the leadership education curriculum still has many weaknesses. This research was formulated to describe the leadership traits of Umar Bin Abdul Aziz. This research is a type of qualitative research with a character study approach, which aims to explore the analysis of the figures' thoughts on the history of character through primary and secondary literature related to the object of research to give birth to the Concept of Extracurricular Leadership Curriculum of Islamic Junior High School. This study resulted in a discussion of the Concept of Extracurricular Leadership Curriculum for Islamic Junior High Schools, in summary; (1) Formulation of an Extracurricular Leadership Curriculum based on the foundation of Tauhid, (2) Curriculum objectives, to form students who have noble morals, more specifically, to form students who have leadership characteristics of Umar bin Abdul Aziz including; (a) Fear of Allah, (b) Zuhud (Simple), (c) Humble, (d) Wara '(careful), (e) Gentle and Forgiving, (f) Patient, (g) Firm , and (h) Fair (3) Curriculum material, including; (a) Tawheed material which includes Tauhid Rububiyah, Tauhid Uluhiyah, Tauhid Asma 'wa Traits, and al-Wala' wa al-Bara ', (b) Moral material which includes; Zuhud (Simple), Humble, Wara '(careful), gentle, forgiving, and patient, (c) Historical Materials, especially the Golden History of Umar bin Abdul Aziz's Leadership, and (d) Management Materials; Firm, and Fair. (4) Curriculum Delivery Methods, including; Exemplary Methods, Fun Learning Methods, Discussion and Question and Answer Methods, Targhib and Tarhib Methods, Methods of Giving Rewards and Punishment, and Storytelling Methods, and (5) Curriculum Evaluation; (a) formation of an evaluation team, (b) a series of curriculum evaluation work (evaluator elements, evaluated elements, elements of validity of evaluation results, elements of recognition of evaluation results, (c) types of evaluation (formative evaluation, summative evaluation, evaluation of placement, evaluation of diagnosis ).

Motherhood and maidenhood in Bashkir mythology and folklore: roots and transformation

The paper reviews the origins, mythological features of the cults of motherhood and maidenhood, covering the concepts of the holiness of a mother and mother’s milk, life force of a father, fertility, virginity. These significant cultural units are united by the idea of sacred purity serving as a background for structuring myths, rites, beliefs, etiquette measures, healing acts, as well as plots and figurative treatments in folklore genres. The sacred “ҡоt” (power, the seed of life) and “һөt” (milk) mark the primordial moral principles in the birth of a strong Batyr-demiurge and women of high status in the “Ural-Batyr” epic, while the evil and deceit (the image of Shulgen) are akin to the desecration of mother’s milk. The astral symbolism of milk reveals a particular archaic character of the original tradition associated with celestial moisture, rain, the appearance of the Milky Way constellation. The archetype of the fertility cult goes back to the tradition of obtaining the seed by the Batyr (three marriages of Ural Batyr). The categories of fertility and virginity are transformed, defining the dominant images of wedding folklore (wishing well-being to the bride). Virginity, the main sign of a woman’s personal viability and prosperous future, is fully protected through rewards and punishment. Ritual rewards included the tradition of offering a fee for the marriage bed, virginity of the bride, giving presents to the bride’s mother and daughters-in-law. The complex of sacralization of motherhood, virginity, and their components opens up a value database of socio-anthropological, ethnopsychological studies of man and his nature.