The importance of translation in interlingual relations

The language, culture and literature of any nation become strong when it has a great translation literature. That nation has a strong culture and literature because it translates the spiritual and cultural achievements of other nations into its native language and benefits from them. Rather, any language that translates world literature regardless of their size creates and enriches the spiritual bridge of language relations. From this point of view, the Azerbaijani language is no exception. The article consists of three parts. The first part deals with the history of inter-linguistic relations, mainly English and Azerbaijani language relations. The second part of the article discusses the history of literary translation in Azerbaijan. Finally, important part of the translation into and from the Azerbaijani language, are reviewed and analyzed. The article concludes by making the point that literary translation is a spiritual bridge that connects different languages and cultures, translators are bridge builders.

Access and reach of linguistic repertoires in periods of change: a theoretical approach to sociolinguistic inequalities

The two notions of scope and access connect an understanding of societal multilingualism in a socio-economic context (linguistic relations) with the analysis of individual multilingualism (linguistic repertoires and linguistic practice). These notions produce a theoretical framework for discussing sociolinguistic inequalities that links the macro-level of social relations with the micro perspective of specific individuals and practices. Linguistic relations are dynamic and can undergo abrupt changes that urge multilingual speakers to restructure their linguistic repertoires to adapt to altered linguistic relations. With the help of the concepts of access and scope, we can describe which social functions specific linguistic resources have (scope) and how speakers are positioned to acquire these resources (access). This describes the relation of speakers to their linguistic resources as currently (un)available (scope) and potentially (un)learnable (access), depending on the social context in which they are practiced. Using these notions as a theoretical framework, this text discusses two scenarios of change connected to mobility and immobility illustrated with examples from research in the Republic of Moldova. The first case is one of ruptured sociolinguistic relations because of drastic changes in a state’s language policies with which immobile speakers are confronted. A highly qualified Moldovan labor migrant in Italy serves as an example of mobility.

Institutional Framework for Language Policy in Russia: Views for the Future

Introduction. The study of language planning and policy (LPP) involves the cross-disciplinary interaction of applied linguistics and political science. The need for this is increasing especially in relation to the regulatory and organizational aspects of language regulation in the conditions of modern Russia. Methods and materials. The authors use the techniques of systems analysis and approaches of political institutionalism: normative, rational choice, theory of organizations, historical, constructivist, network. To study the materials of official documents and legislative acts, the method of textual analysis is used. Academic works of foreign and Russian authors are used through the prism of discourse analysis. Materials related to the activities of agencies and actors in the field of LPP, characterized from a structural and functional point of view. Analysis. The normative and agentive properties of LPP in the modern conditions of Russia and its regions are considered by the authors of the article through analytical procedures proposed by foreign scientists. Many developments from Englishlanguage works in this area can be adapted to the tasks of studying political-linguistic relations, taking Russian specifics into account. The ratio of institutional and conversational types of linguistic interactions is considered as a subject of linguistic pragmatics. The main subject of analysis is formal regulatory complexes and agencies specializing in this area. The analysis undertaken by the authors of the article leads to the conclusion that there is no sustainable institutional LPP model in the Russian situation. This applies, in particular, to the de facto and de jure characteristics of bilingualism as a strategic priority proclaimed at the beginning of the 20 th century. In the latest official texts, the emphasis is on strengthening the position of the Russian language. Further, the body of Russian and regional legal acts is marked by features of rhetoric and excessive symbolism. The prospects for institutionalization here are associated with overcoming such normative dysfunctions. Results. The article draws conclusions about the desirability of conceptualizing LPP within the framework of a separate state doctrinal document, as well as a system of information support and implementation of the principles of language cultivation and management.

Czech borrowings in the Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian written languages

The article assesses the role of the Old Belarusian and the Old Ukrainian languages in the development of Czech-Eastern Slavonic linguistic relations in the 14th–18th centuries. There were both direct and indirect ways of Czech language influence on the Old Belarusian and the Old Ukrainian written languages. The 15th century saw favourable conditions for military-political alliance between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Bohemia. The emergence and development of these relations was accompanied by diplomatic activity: for instance, Grand Dukes Vitovt and Svidryhailo had correspondence in Latin and Old Czech with the Czech Hussites. Contacts in the military-political, socio-religious and cultural-educational spheres contributed to the development of Czech-East Slavic language ties. Translations of the Czech written texts into Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian («The Life of Alexei the Man of God», «The Story of Apollo of Tyre», «Lucidarius», «The Song of Songs», «The Tale of Toadal», «The Tale of the Prophetess Sibylline», «The Trojan Story»), use of the Czech legal texts in writing Galicia-Volyn letters in the 14th and early 15th centuries. The use of Czech legal texts in Galicia-Volyn monuments (Norman Statute of 1438–1439, Statutes of 1529, 1566, 1588, Lithuanian Metric Acts) contributed to the direct penetration of Bohemianisms into the Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian writing. Although there were channels through which Czech linguistic elements could be directly borrowed into Old-Belarusian and Old-Ukrainian, the main channel for their penetration was Polish. Through the Polish mediation Bohemian loanwords were borrowed from various lexical-semantic groups, mainly from religious, military, socio-political and economic, everyday life vocabulary. The similar conditions of borrowing of Bohemianisms in Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian are obviously the main reason why Bohemianisms in both languages are close in number and chronology of written fixation. This similarity is especially noticeable against the background of Old Russian data, where bohemisms were recorded later and in smaller numbers

ETHNO-LINGUISTIC PROCESSES IN UZBEKISTAN IN RETROSPECT AND IN MODERN CONDITIONS

The article analyzes the development of inter-language relations in Uzbekistan during the Soviet period and during the years of independence. The author covers the above-mentioned processes dialectically - in their inconsistency, describing both positive and negative aspects of them and gives them an appropriate assessment. The article contains conclusions and suggestions aimed at improving inter-linguistic relations and strengthening inter-ethnic harmony.Index Terms: language, cross-language relations, the Uzbek language, Russian language, nation, national policy

Linguistic consciousness of the bilingual Evenks of Yakutia (on the material of adjectives denoting character traits of a human)

The subject of this research is the content of images of linguistic consciousness of the Evenks who do not have a command of the native language. The goal consists in determination of the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness of the Evenks of Yakutia who do not have a command of the native language. Methodological framework of this research is comprised of the relevant works in the area of language contacts of modern linguists, as well as the works dedicated to the Evenki-Yakut and Yakut-Russian interaction. Works by the scholars of the Moscow Psycholinguistic School became fundamental in describing the worldview of the Evenks.  The conducted sociopsycholinguistic comparative research of the ethnocultural specificity of adjectives denoting character traits of a human in the Evenki language allows determining the general and the particular, indicating the differences between the cultures and their ethnic specificity. The reconstructed via associative experiment model of lexicon represents the system of intersecting associative fields. The associative ties between the units of human lexicon are based on the main types of linguistic relations (paradigmatic, syntagmatic, derivational), as well as o extra-linguistic experience of a person, are the basis of associative relations between the units of the human lexicon. For example, associative fields is the method of externalization of consciousness, which helps in the analysis of linguistic consciousness, processes of production and perception of speech. The content of associative fields in different languages points at either similarity or discrepancy of the worldviews of different cultures. The acquired results of may be valuable for further comparative and area studies of languages of the peoples of the North that are under risk of extinction, as well as in studying linguistic consciousness, cross-cultural communication, linguoculturological research, theory of translation, and in special courses on problems of linguistics.