FREQUENCY, STRUCTURE AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THERMAL BURNS OF THE JAW-FACIAL AREA IN CHILDREN

The aim: To establish the frequency, structure and features of the clinical course of facial and neck burns in children. Materials and methods: During 5 years, 78 patients aged from 6 months to 15 years with isolated burns of the face and neck and in combination with lesions of other anatomical areas were treated. In the dynamics of observation of patients were used classical methods of examination, and in their treatment we followed the protocol of medical care for this category of patients. Results: Thermal injuries of the face and neck accounted for 12.6% of the total number of patients with burns. Their isolated lesion was 26.9%, and in combination with other areas it was 73.1%. The most frequently affected were children of nursery, primary school and preschool age, with a predominance of rural residents (52.6%), mostly boys (78.0%). Anesthesia support had to be used in the treatment of 24 patients (30,8%). The features and nature of the burns depended on the relief of the face and the most damaged are its protruding parts. Conclusions: Open flames were the most common cause of thermal burns of the face and neck in children, and the lesions were combined with burns to the chest, abdomen, and limbs. The main reasons were reckless behavior of children, their increased mobility and lack of care for their relatives. It should be noted that in 3.8% of victims there was a delay in mental and physical development.

On the Value of Alert Systems and Gentle Rule Enforcement in Addressing Pandemics

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major challenge to policy makers on how to encourage compliance to social distancing and personal protection rules. This paper compares the effectiveness of two policies that aim to increase the frequency of responsible health behavior using smartphone-tracking applications. The first involves enhanced alert capabilities, which remove social externalities and protect the users from others’ reckless behavior. The second adds a rule enforcement mechanism that reduces the users’ benefit from reckless behavior. Both strategies should be effective if agents are expected-value maximizers, risk averse, and behave in accordance with cumulative prospect theory (Tversky and Kahneman, 1992) or in accordance with the Cognitive Hierarchy model (Camerer et al., 2004). A multi-player trust-game experiment was designed to compare the effectiveness of the two policies. The results reveal a substantial advantage to the enforcement application, even one with occasional misses. The enhanced-alert strategy was completely ineffective. The findings align with the small samples hypothesis, suggesting that decision makers tend to select the options that lead to the best payoff in a small sample of similar past experiences. In the current context, the tendency to rely on a small sample appears to be more consequential than other deviations from rational choice.

Underweighting of rare events in social interactions and its implications to the design of voluntary health applications

Research on small decisions from experience suggests that people often behave as if they underweight rare events and choose the options that are frequently better. In a pandemic, this tendency implies complacency and reckless behavior. Furthermore, behavioral contagion exacerbates this problem. In two pre-registered experiments (Ntotal = 312), we validate these predictions and highlight a potential solution. Groups of participants played a repeated social game in one of two versions. In the basic version, people clearly preferred the dangerous reckless behavior that was better most of the time over the safer responsible behavior. In the augmented version, we gave participants an additional alternative abstracting the use of an application that frequently saves time but can sometimes have high costs. This alternative was stochastically dominated by the option abstracting the responsible choice and was thus normatively “irrelevant” to the decision participants made. Nevertheless, most people chose the new (“irrelevant”) alternative, providing the first clear demonstration of underweighting of rare events in fully described social games. We discuss public policies that can make the responsible use of health applications better most of the time, thus helping them get traction despite being voluntary. In one field demonstration of this idea amid the COVID-19 pandemic, usage rates of a contact tracing application among nursing home employees more than tripled when using the app also started saving them little time on a daily basis, and the high usage rates sustained over at least four weeks.

Relationship Between Sensation Seeking and Attitude on Reckless Riding Behavior in Jabodetabek, Indonesia

Transportation needs are increasing along with traffic problems, such as traffic accidents, congestion, and density of motorized vehicles. In Indonesia, especially in its large, crowded cities, accidents involving two-wheeled motorized vehicles are frequent. Human factors such as personality and behavior are a cause of accidents involving careless driving. Additionally, sensation seeking and the attitude toward reckless behavior influence the reckless behavior of motorcyclists in Indonesia, especially in the Jabodetabek area. Methods: data were obtained through a self-report questionnaire. The 69 participants (F:40, M:29) were motorbike riders aged 18–35 years who had an Indonesian driving license type C and had ridden a motorcycle daily for a minimum of 2 years. The questionnaire comprised 17 items that measured sensation seeking and attitudes toward reckless riding. Prerequisite for mediating the relationship among the variables, sensation seeking must correlate with attitudes and reckless riding such that the attitude variable that is a mediator must also correlate with reckless riding. Therefore, in this study, the mediating effect of attitudes in the relation between sensation seeking and reckless riding was tested. Our result demonstrates that’s influence of reckless riding attitude as a partial mediator between sensation seeking and reckless riding.

Nuclear Weapons and Peaceful Change

This chapter aims to identify key aspects of the nuclear revolution that are pertinent to the problem of power transition and peaceful change in international affairs. To this end, it elaborates on five primary institutions of global nuclear order: nuclear deterrence, nuclear arms control, nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear nonuse, and nuclear disarmament. The chapter then unpacks the conceptual logic of these five institutions in the context of peaceful and violent change in world politics and explores their mutual linkages and conflicts. It highlights both the limits of these institutions and their inherent incompatibilities, mindful of the extraordinary violence nuclear war can cause and the underlying fear that prevents nuclear powers from engaging in reckless behavior.

On The Value of Alert Systems and Gentle Rule Enforcement in Addressing Pandemics

The recent COVID-19 pandemic poses a challenge to policy makers on how to make the population adhere to the social distancing and personal protection rules. The current research compares two ways by which tracking smartphone applications can be used to reduce the frequency of reckless behaviors that spread pandemics. The first involves the addition of alerts that increase the users’ benefit from responsible behavior. The second involves the addition of a rule enforcement mechanism that reduces the users’ benefit from reckless behavior. The effectiveness of the two additions is examined in an experimental study that focuses on an environment in which both additions are expected to be effective under the assumptions that the agents are expected-value maximizers, risk averse, behave in accordance with cumulative prospect theory (Tversky & Kahneman, 1992), or behave in accordance with the Cognitive Hierarchy model (Camerer, Ho & Chong, 2004). The results reveal a substantial advantage to the enforcement application. Indeed, the alerts addition was completely ineffective. The findings align with the small samples hypothesis, suggesting that decision makers tend to select the options that led to the best payoff in a small sample of similar past experiences. In the current context the tendency to rely on a small sample appears to be more consequential than other deviations from rational choice.

Rape Myths Among University Men and Women in Vietnam: A Qualitative Study

Sexual violence is a persistent, underreported threat to the well-being of women and girls worldwide. In Vietnam, as elsewhere, myths and misconceptions around rape and other forms of sexual violence present a major barrier to reporting and prevention. Based on qualitative research from a parent study aimed at reducing sexual violence perpetration at universities in Vietnam, we sought to characterize commonly held myths among university students that may contribute to the perpetration and justification of such behaviors. Our analysis drew on focus group discussions with men ( n = 69) and semi-structured interviews with men ( n = 12) and women ( n = 9) recruited from two universities in Hanoi. Conducted in April and May of 2018, interviews covered topics including gender norms, dating relationships, consent, and sexual violence, whereas focus groups conducted in October 2018 were designed to assess reactions to an existing sexual violence prevention program. Thematic analysis of interview and focus group transcripts revealed that myths and misconceptions about sexual violence persist among university-aged men and women. Chief among these were that rape results mainly from men’s uncontrollable desire, that victims provoke rape by their “reckless” behavior, such as drinking or dressing provocatively, that “real” rape is characterized by physical force from the perpetrator and “fierce resistance” on the part of the victim, and that rape occurs only under a narrow set of circumstances. Although men and women endorsed most myths equally, justification of rape through victim blaming featured much less in women’s narratives than in men’s. Myths concerning false rape allegations, observed in Western populations, were not considered relevant to Vietnamese students. Findings informed the development of a contextualized rape myths acceptance scale for testing and use in Vietnam. A nuanced understanding of salient rape myths among male and female students may also inform university-based efforts to prevent sexual violence.

Myopia drives reckless behavior in the face of over-taxation

Governments use taxes to discourage undesired behaviors and encourage desired ones. One target of such interventions is reckless behavior, for instance, texting while driving, which in most cases is harmless but sometimes leads to catastrophic outcomes. Past research has demonstrated how interventions can backfire when the tax on one reckless behavior is set too high while other less attractive reckless actions remain untaxed. In the context of experience-based decisions, this undesirable outcome arises from people behaving as if they underweighed rare events, which according to a popular theoretical account can result from basing decisions on a small, random sample of past experiences. Here, we reevaluate the adverse effect of overtaxation using an alternative account focused on recency. We show that a reinforcement-learning model that weighs recently observed outcomes stronger than than those observed in the past can provide an equally good account of people's behavior. Furthermore, we show that there exist two groups of individuals who show qualitatively distinct patterns of behavior in response to the experience of catastrophic outcomes. We conclude that targeted interventions tailored at a small group of myopic individuals who disregard catastrophic outcomes soon after they have been experienced can be as effective as an omnibus intervention based on taxation.

Forms of Psychological and Pedagogical Assistance to Children in Traumatic Situations

The article examines the psychological characteristics of children who are traumatized, the main problems that can be observed in children in these situations. from such families, the history of providing psychological and pedagogical assistance in similar situations is considered. During the writing of the research it was noted that the category of children in crisis situations includes the following: children deprived of parental care, children with immoral habits, children with certain phobias (night fears and nightmares, fear of falling asleep, fear of being alone especially in the dark, unwillingness to be without parents, anxiety related to misunderstanding of death, fantasies about "treatment from death", expectations that the dead may return, assault, concern for their responsibility and / or guilt, children with unusually aggressive or reckless behavior, negativism, delinquent behavior, sexual abuse). Organizational and substantive aspects of providing social and psychological assistance to children in traumatic situations are identified. Effective forms of work with a child in crisis are identified (help in mastering experiences, appealing to self-control; help to identify bodily feelings experienced during the event; joint meetings with children and parents to help children share information with parents - how they feel; encouragement to discuss events related to her feelings and realistic vision of what was.