scholarly journals Myopia drives reckless behavior in the face of over-taxation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail S. Spektor ◽  
Dirk U. Wulff
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Texting While Driving ◽  
Good Account ◽  
The Face ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Reckless Behavior ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Reinforcement Learning Model ◽  
Undesirable Outcome

Governments use taxes to discourage undesired behaviors and encourage desired ones. One target of such interventions is reckless behavior, for instance, texting while driving, which in most cases is harmless but sometimes leads to catastrophic outcomes. Past research has demonstrated how interventions can backfire when the tax on one reckless behavior is set too high while other less attractive reckless actions remain untaxed. In the context of experience-based decisions, this undesirable outcome arises from people behaving as if they underweighed rare events, which according to a popular theoretical account can result from basing decisions on a small, random sample of past experiences. Here, we reevaluate the adverse effect of overtaxation using an alternative account focused on recency. We show that a reinforcement-learning model that weighs recently observed outcomes stronger than than those observed in the past can provide an equally good account of people's behavior. Furthermore, we show that there exist two groups of individuals who show qualitatively distinct patterns of behavior in response to the experience of catastrophic outcomes. We conclude that targeted interventions tailored at a small group of myopic individuals who disregard catastrophic outcomes soon after they have been experienced can be as effective as an omnibus intervention based on taxation.

scholarly journals “Third-Wave” Coffeehouses as Venues for Sociality: On Encounters between Employees and Customers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Manzo
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Public Meeting ◽  
Work World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Commercial Landscape

Contemporary social life is often depicted, in and out of the social sciences, as an ever-worsening subterfuge of alienation, ennui, and the systematic destruction of traditional, human-scaled, publicly-accessible, “organic” sociality that people once enjoyed. In this paper I do not contend that these trends in our social and commercial landscape are not happening. I will instead contend that conventional face-to-face sociability thrives even in the face of the loss of many traditional public meeting places. My focus in this piece is on social interaction in independent cafes that are known, and that self-identify, as what coffee connoisseurs term “third-wave” coffeehouses. Deploying the analytic perspective of ethnomethodology, which prioritizes and problematizes the observed and reported lived experiences of research subjects, I argue not only that “authentic” sociality flourishes in these spaces but I also consider the role of shop employees—baristas—in them and uncover their perceptions concerning social interaction between themselves and customers. As such I not only question prevailing understandings about the “death” of traditional sociability but also add to past research on the coffeehouse as social form by problematizing, for the first time, the work world of the baristas and their interactions with customers.

scholarly journals Translation, adaptation and pilot testing of the Pictorial Fit-Frail Scale (PFFS) for use in Malaysia – The PFFS-Malay version (PFFS-M)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Sally Suriani Ahip ◽  
Sazlina Shariff-Ghazali ◽  
Sabrina Lukas ◽  
Azah Abdul Samad ◽  
Ummu Kalsum Mustapha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Domains ◽  
Important Health ◽  
The Face ◽  
Important Health Issue

Background: Frailty is an important health issue in an aging population; it is a state of vulnerability that renders the elderly susceptible to adverse health outcomes, including disability, hospitalization, long-term care admission and death. Early frailty stages are recognizable through screening and are reversible with targeted interventions. To date, however, there is no screening tool for use in Malaysia. The English Pictorial Fit-Frail Scale (PFFS) is a visual tool that assesses a person’s fitness-frailty level in 14 health domains, with higher scores indicating higher frailty. Objective: The aim was to translate and adapt the English PFFS for use in Malaysian clinical settings. Methods: The original English PFFS underwent forward and backward-translation by two bilingual translators to and from the Malay language. A finalized version, the PFFS-Malay (PFFS-M), was formed after expert reviewers’ consensus and was pilot tested with 20 patients, 20 caregivers, 16 healthcare assistants, 17 nurses and 22 doctors. Score agreement between patients and their caregivers and among healthcare professionals were assessed. All participants rated their understanding of the scale using the feasibility survey forms. Results: A total of 95 participants were included. There were high percentages of scoring agreements among all participants on the scale (66.7% to 98.9%). Overall feedback from all respondents were positive and supported the face validity of the PFFS-M. Conclusion: The PFFS-M reflects an accurate translation for the Malaysian population. The scale is usable and feasible and has face validity. Reliability and predictive validity assessments of the PFFS-M are currently underway.

scholarly journals A SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA COMO UM PROBLEMA SOCIOCULTURAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. R 01-R 04
Author(s):  
Álvaro de Souza VIEIRA ◽  
◽  
Marcelo PESSOA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Face ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Past Experiences

The present study falls within the scope of Urban Public Security, to the extent that ostensive and preventive policing actions - motorized, on foot or in prison - tend to better meet the social needs provided for by the demand for the crime prevention and protection service provided. by the State. A study like ours justifies the fact that, in times of the COVID-19 Pandemic, with the almost compulsory impediment of the citizen to come and go by legal instrument, there was a robust increase in the rates of family disagreements, minor bodily injuries, subversions to order and discipline, and other major unlawful conduct. As main research results, it was possible to understand to what extent society tends or not to actively participate in the processes that involve its own mental, physical or social well-being. We also note that there is a certain resistance from this same society regarding the presence of State apparatus, especially in less privileged layers of the community, since citizenship, on the one hand, manifests itself against police actions, in the face of less positive past experiences. R - 01-04 Revista AKEDIA – Versões, Negligências e Outros Mundos p - ISSN 2447-7656 e – ISSN 2674-2561 DOI 10.33726 – Volume 12 – Ano VII – 2º Sem. de 2021 On the other hand, it is seen that part of this same community tends to act, voluntarily or involuntarily, as a passive accomplice, keeping active contexts of high crime, a condition that, in the eyes of the State, appears paradoxical, but which, from a cultural perspective, maybe it's a sophisticated survival strategy.

scholarly journals EMOSEX – emotion prevails over sex during implicit judgment of faces

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Korb ◽  
Nace Mikus ◽  
Claudia Massaccesi ◽  
Jack Grey ◽  
Suvarnalata Xanthate Duggirala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Voice Processing ◽  
Male To Female

Appraisals can be influenced by cultural beliefs and stereotypes. In line with this, past research has shown that judgments about the emotional expression of a face are influenced by the face’s sex, and vice versa that judgments about the sex of a person somewhat depend on the person’s facial expression. For example, participants associate anger with male faces, and female faces with happiness or sadness. However, the strength and the bidirectionality of these effects remain debated. Moreover, the interplay of a stimulus’ emotion and sex remains mostly unknown in the auditory domain. To investigate these questions, we created a novel stimulus set of 121 avatar faces and 121 human voices (available at https://bit.ly/2JkXrpy) with matched, fine-scale changes along the emotional (happy to angry) and sexual (male to female) dimensions. In a first experiment (N=76), we found clear evidence for the mutual influence of facial emotion and sex cues on ratings, and moreover for larger implicit (task-irrelevant) effects of stimulus’ emotion than of sex. These findings were replicated and extended in two preregistered studies – one laboratory categorisation study using the same face stimuli (N=108; https://osf.io/ve9an), and one online study with vocalisations (N=72; https://osf.io/vhc9g). Overall, results show that the associations of maleness-anger and femaleness-happiness exist across sensory modalities, and suggest that emotions expressed in the face and voice cannot be entirely disregarded, even when attention is mainly focused on determining stimulus’ sex. We discuss the relevance of these findings for cognitive and neural models of face and voice processing.

scholarly journals On the Value of Alert Systems and Gentle Rule Enforcement in Addressing Pandemics

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yefim Roth ◽  
Ori Plonsky ◽  
Edith Shalev ◽  
Ido Erev
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Hierarchy Model ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Cognitive Hierarchy ◽  
Reckless Behavior ◽  
Past Experiences

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major challenge to policy makers on how to encourage compliance to social distancing and personal protection rules. This paper compares the effectiveness of two policies that aim to increase the frequency of responsible health behavior using smartphone-tracking applications. The first involves enhanced alert capabilities, which remove social externalities and protect the users from others’ reckless behavior. The second adds a rule enforcement mechanism that reduces the users’ benefit from reckless behavior. Both strategies should be effective if agents are expected-value maximizers, risk averse, and behave in accordance with cumulative prospect theory (Tversky and Kahneman, 1992) or in accordance with the Cognitive Hierarchy model (Camerer et al., 2004). A multi-player trust-game experiment was designed to compare the effectiveness of the two policies. The results reveal a substantial advantage to the enforcement application, even one with occasional misses. The enhanced-alert strategy was completely ineffective. The findings align with the small samples hypothesis, suggesting that decision makers tend to select the options that lead to the best payoff in a small sample of similar past experiences. In the current context, the tendency to rely on a small sample appears to be more consequential than other deviations from rational choice.

Relationships between childhood trauma and perceived stress in the general population: a network perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda T. Betz ◽  
Nora Penzel ◽  
Marlene Rosen ◽  
Joseph Kambeitz
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Combining Data

Abstract Background Experiences of childhood trauma (CT) are associated with increased psychological vulnerability. Past research suggests that CT might alter stress processing with a subsequent negative impact on mental health. However, it is currently unclear how different domains of CT exert effects on specific subjective experiences of stress during adulthood. Methods In the present study, we used network analysis to explore the complex interplay between distinct domains of CT and perceived stress in a large, general-population sample of middle-aged adults (N = 1252). We used a data-driven community-detection algorithm to identify strongly connected subgroups of items within the network. To assess the replicability of the findings, we repeated the analyses in a second sample (N = 862). Combining data from both samples, we evaluated network differences between men (n = 955) and women (n = 1159). Results Results indicate specific associations between distinct domains of CT and perceived stress. CT domains reflecting a dimension of deprivation, i.e. experiences of neglect, were associated exclusively to a stress network community representing low perceived self-efficacy. By contrast, CT associated with threat, i.e. experiences of abuse, was specifically related to a stress community reflecting perceived helplessness. Our results replicated with high accordance in the second sample. We found no difference in network structure between men and women, but overall a stronger connected network in women. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the unique role of distinct domains of CT in psychological stress processes in adulthood, implying opportunities for targeted interventions following distinct domains of CT.

FREQUENCY, STRUCTURE AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THERMAL BURNS OF THE JAW-FACIAL AREA IN CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1360-1364
Author(s):  
Pavlo I. Tkachenko ◽  
Serhii O. Bilokon ◽  
Natalia M. Lokhmatova ◽  
Olha B. Dolenko ◽  
Nataliia M. Korotych ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Course ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Thermal Burns ◽  
Frequency Structure ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Area ◽  
Thermal Injuries ◽  
Reckless Behavior

The aim: To establish the frequency, structure and features of the clinical course of facial and neck burns in children. Materials and methods: During 5 years, 78 patients aged from 6 months to 15 years with isolated burns of the face and neck and in combination with lesions of other anatomical areas were treated. In the dynamics of observation of patients were used classical methods of examination, and in their treatment we followed the protocol of medical care for this category of patients. Results: Thermal injuries of the face and neck accounted for 12.6% of the total number of patients with burns. Their isolated lesion was 26.9%, and in combination with other areas it was 73.1%. The most frequently affected were children of nursery, primary school and preschool age, with a predominance of rural residents (52.6%), mostly boys (78.0%). Anesthesia support had to be used in the treatment of 24 patients (30,8%). The features and nature of the burns depended on the relief of the face and the most damaged are its protruding parts. Conclusions: Open flames were the most common cause of thermal burns of the face and neck in children, and the lesions were combined with burns to the chest, abdomen, and limbs. The main reasons were reckless behavior of children, their increased mobility and lack of care for their relatives. It should be noted that in 3.8% of victims there was a delay in mental and physical development.

Self-Trust and Epistemic Humility

Humility ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 325-353
Author(s):  
C. Thi Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Intellectual Autonomy ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Epistemic Humility ◽  
Good Account ◽  
The Face ◽  
Radical Intellectual

Some cognitive domains, like the moral, aesthetic, and religious, seem to demand a special kind of intellectual autonomy. We should, it is thought, think for ourselves and not trust others. This call for autonomy seems to support a radical intellectual self-sufficiency. In particular, the fact that our peers disagree with us can be disregarded by the fully intellectually self-sufficient person. I argue against radical intellectual self-sufficiency. I argue, instead, that our basis for self-trust in these domains should also extend to trusting others. So long as we do not have a good account of our own reliability in these domains, our general cognitive similarity to others ought to lead us to weight their testimony, and so weight their disagreement. We should be epistemically humble in the face of disagreement. Furthermore, epistemic humility here is a form of intellectual autonomy, for we discover the evidence of disagreement and think through its consequences for ourselves.

NCOG-39. EXPLORING PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOMES (PROS) ACROSS ETHNORACIAL GROUPS IN PRIMARY BRAIN TUMOR (PBT) PATIENTS: DIFFERENCES IN THE ILLNESS EXPERIENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi160-vi160
Author(s):  
Amanda King ◽  
Julianie De La Cruz Minyety ◽  
Alvina Acquaye ◽  
Nicole Briceno ◽  
Anna Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Illness Experience ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Abstract SIGNIFICANCE AND AIMS Past research in PBT patients has demonstrated that minorities may have a survival advantage compared to Whites for high-grade tumors, though little is known about their illness experience given their underrepresentation in clinical trials. This study explored differences in PROs across race-ethnicity within a large PBT cohort describing associated burden and risk for minority populations where data is scarce. METHODS Demographic, clinical characteristics, MDASI-Brain Tumor, PROMIS Depression and Anxiety Short-Forms, and Neuro-QoL Cognitive Function were collected from the most recent timepoint for PBT patients enrolled on the Natural History Study. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and linear regression were used to report results. RESULTS The sample included 562 PBT patients (58% male, median age = 50 [18-85]) comprised of 79% White, 6% African American (AA), 10% Hispanic, and 5% Asian patients per self-report. Most patients had a high-grade glioma (60%), with 28% on active treatment and 44% with good KPS (90-100). Among the most commonly reported moderate-severe symptoms were fatigue ( > 40% in all groups), difficulty remembering (30-40% of Asians, AAs, and Whites), and disturbed sleep (44% in Asians, 29% in Hispanics), while hemiparesis was common only for AA patients (37%). There were no differences between groups with respect to symptom burden and interference, mood disturbance, or cognitive function. Race/ethnicity group was not predictive of overall symptom burden or interference, but for all groups, higher KPS predicted lower symptom and interference scores (p < .001 and p = .004, respectively). CONCLUSION While some symptoms were common across ethnoracial groups, there were differences in symptom patterns, suggesting there may be other factors driving their illness experience. Future exploration of socioeconomic and cultural factors that might contribute to the symptom burden of minorities is warranted, which may allow development of targeted interventions to improve clinical outcomes in these groups.

The merger of Baltimore Hebrew University with Towson University: three leadership models converge

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1595-1613
Author(s):  
Hana Bor ◽  
Rebecca Shargel
Keyword(s):  
Private University ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Public University ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Hebrew University ◽  
The Right

PurposeThe study aims to learn how a small private university dedicated to Judaic studies successfully merged with a large public university? Our study investigates how Baltimore Hebrew University (BHU) successfully integrated into the much larger Towson University (TU), while maintaining its unique Jewish identity.Design/methodology/approachHow did leadership facilitate a successful merging of a small private university with a large public university? Our case study investigates how BHU successfully integrated into the much larger TU. Given that past research has focused primarily on the financial aspects, the purpose of the present study is to analyze how leaders successfully navigated the complex processes of integrating the two institutions through envisioning, communicating and planning effectively. This research uniquely investigates the role of leadership as the driving force in moving the merger forward and facilitating the process. The authors analyzed the circumstances that facilitated the merger and discovered that leadership pushed this merger forward, particularly the confluence of three approaches—visionary, transformational and servant leadership. This research has implications for guiding future mergers of smaller colleges with larger universities. This case study is particularly timely, during this uncertain age of COVID-19, when many universities are considering creative solutions, including potential mergers with other institutions, in the face of increasing financial difficulties.FindingsImplications of this research can help illuminate future mergers of smaller colleges with larger universities in cases where the smaller institution desires to retain its strong cultural or historical identity. The authors found that the “right leadership on the ground” is a crucial component needed for a successful merger, particularly in a higher education setting.Research limitations/implicationsOur research provides a concrete example that can be used help campus administrators assess whether they have the leadership structure in place to successfully navigate a merger as a path forward.Originality/valueThis case study is particularly timely, during this uncertain age of COVID-19, when many universities are considering creative solutions, including potential mergers with other institutions, in the face of increasing financial difficulties.

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