The effects of state ownership and tax rate cuts on accounting conservatism: evidence from Vietnam

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the joint effects of state ownership and tax rate cuts on accounting conservatism, considering the different levels of foreign ownership in the context of Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses ordinary least squares regressions and a data set of 405 firms covering the period 2007 to 2019. The manuscript uses three measures of accounting conservatism: Basu’s 1997 timeliness of earnings, Basu’s 1997 earnings persistence and the book-to-market ratio. Findings State-owned enterprises (SOEs) adopt less accounting conservatism than non-SOEs; however, the result is only robust in firms with foreign ownership being lower than the foreign ownership median. Firms increase accounting conservatism in the year immediately prior to the year that the tax rate cuts become effective. An SOE possesses an unusual conflict both as a taxpayer and in having its controlling interest held by the government, which is both a tax creator and a tax collector. Interestingly, the increase in accounting conservatism prior to the year of the tax rate cuts is more pronounced for non-SOEs than SOEs. Practical implications This research is beneficial to investors and policymakers where the government is both the taxpayer and tax collector and in emerging markets where foreign investment is local firms’ important financing. Originality/value To the best knowledge, this study is the first in examining the joint effects of state control and tax rate cuts on accounting conservatism.

What drives DS30 Index amid bourse lockdown decision? An emerging economy perspective

This study measures the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak on the stock market of Bangladesh amid bourse lockdowns. The top 30 blue-chip companies listed in the DS30 Index of the Dhaka Stock Exchange are used as the sample for this study. Panel data regression analysis has been used after performing several diagnostics tests to assess the impact for January to December during the year 2020. The regression model used in the study considers three key aspects, namely COVID-19, firm-specific factors, and macroeconomic variables amid the bourse lockdown. This study finds that daily trend in affected cases, death cases and investors' attention significantly affect the stock market but does not show any negative relation to conclude. The Government imposed lockdown shows a negative relation with the stock market significantly. Firm-specific variables like daily market capitalization and book to market ratio show a significant negative relationship with the stock market. On the other hand, macroeconomic factors have a significantly positive impact on the stock market amid bourse lockdowns. This study assesses the performance of the Bangladesh stock market by use of DS30 Index listed firms during the COVID-19 pandemic in response to the Government imposed bourse lockdown. This study provides unique insights into how the Bangladesh stock market reacted during the pandemic, along with a rare bourse lockdown decision.

Illiquidity risk and equity trading performance: A statistical analysis

Subject. The article considers the development of special statistical methods for estimating and analyzing the liquidity risk. Objectives. The purpose is to improve the methodology for statistical appraisal and analysis of risk in equity trading. Methods. The study rests both on well-known methods for equity risk analysis and my own development results (calculation of equity annual illiquidity ratio, formation of illiquidity risk factor). The data analyzed in this paper come from the Moscow Exchange (MOEX) and cover January 2011 to May 2021. The sample included all common stocks traded on MOEX and issuers’ financial statements. I also apply analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and methods of comparison and grouping. Results. I calculated monthly illiquidity factor as zero-investment long-short portfolio. I examined the impact of illiquidity risk on the return dynamics of size, book-to-market ratio sorted portfolios. Conclusions. The study shows that expected equity returns are related cross-sectionally to the illiquidity factor. The evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that the illiquidity risk factor is priced. The premium for this risk is positive and offers higher expected returns in equities with strong illiquidity. However, for liquid equities no significant premium is revealed. The offered approach to the factor equity risk analysis based on illiquidity risk enables a true picture of how the risks impact the equity trading performance and how they can be improved in the future.

Time-Varying Risk and the Relation between Idiosyncratic Risk and Stock Return

This paper studies the historical time-varying dynamics of risk for individual stocks in the U.S. market. Total risk of an individual stock is decomposed into two components, systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk, and both components are studied separately. We start from the historical trend in the magnitude of risk and then turn to the relation between idiosyncratic risk and stock returns. The result shows that both components of risk for individual stocks are changing over time. They increased from the 1960s to the 1990s/2000s and then declined until today. This paper also studies the risk-return tradeoff by investigating the relation between idiosyncratic risk and stock return in the long run. Stocks are sorted into portfolios for analysis and the whole sample period is further decomposed into decades for subgroup analysis. Multivariable regressions are used to study this relation as we control for beta, size, book-to-market ratio, momentum and liquidity. From a historical point of view, we show that the relation between idiosyncratic risk and stock return is time-varying, and it did not exist in certain decades. The results indicate that the risk-return tradeoff also varied in history.

Pengaruh fama-french five factor model terhadap excess return pada perusahaan LQ 45 tahun 2014-2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh masing-masing variabel Fama-French Five Factor Model yaitu premi risiko, ukuran perusahaan, book to market ratio, profitabilitas dan investasi terhadap Excess return pada perusahaan LQ 45 tahun 2014-2019. Terdapat 23 perusahaan yang terdaftar dalam indeks LQ 45 secara berturut-turut dari tahun 2014-2019 dari total 60 perusahaan yang terdaftar pada LQ 45 tahun 2014-2019 dengan menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara premi risiko, ukuran perusahaan serta book to market ratio. Sedangkan untuk variabel profitabilitas dan investasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap Excess Return pada perusahaan LQ 45 tahun 2014-2019. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa variabel premi risiko, ukuran perusahaan, book to market ratio, profitabilitas serta investasi berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap excess return pada perusahaan LQ 45 tahun 2014-2019 yaitu sebesar 48,1%. Disarankan untuk peneliti selanjutnya menggunakan variabel lain atau menambah variabel lain agar dapat menghasilkan nilai R Square yang lebih besar atau lebih kuat, dan menguji model estimasi yang lain seperti CAPM atau APT.

Does Brexit Have a Bullish or Bearish Effect on the Taiwan Stock Market?

Using the event study method to analyze one year of daily trading data of formal and Over-The-Counter (OTC) stocks in Taiwan, this study investigates whether the Brexit referendum led to abnormal returns, as well as the financial characteristics of the stocks, and the influential financial variables. The Taiwan stock market had negative abnormal returns on the day of the Brexit referendum. The high-abnormal return group was more significantly affected than the low-abnormal return group. The book-to-market ratio, price-to-earnings ratio, yield rate, average foreign shareholding ratio, and stocks overbought and oversold had a more significant impact on the low-abnormal return group. Abnormal returns were generated mostly in the OTC (Over-The-Counter) market. This event affected financial stocks more significantly than electronics and information technology stocks. The effects on formal stocks, OTC (Over-The-Counter) stocks, and the overall market were the most significant for the turnover rate and stocks overbought and oversold, yield rate, and turnover rate and book-to-market ratio, respectively. The results confirm that the model of the impact of a special event on the behavioral response in the Taiwan stock market can be used to predict changes in stock market prices when a special event occurs in the future.

Competitive Advantage and Risk: Impact on Indian Stock Market

The current study examines the performance of top 40 companies based on market capitalization for the period of 5 years (2015-2019). Competitive advantage is measured using asset turnover ratio and profit margin and risk is measured using financial leverage. Book to market ratio is used as a measure of market performance of the firms. The results indicate that profit margin has the most significant impact on the market performance in the Indian stock market.

Assessing portfolio and asset returns of some financial and non- financial companies on the Ghana stock exchange using a 3-factor model

This study on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE), investigated, if the overall size of the market, affects the fundamentals of the Fama French 3-Factor model, and to ascertain if the Fama French model can be used effectively to assess portfolio and assets return for companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange. In this paper, portfolios of assets of companies on the Ghana Stock Exchange are constructed and analyzed using the Fama-French 3-factor model. The empirical data which consists of assets of 15 companies listed on the GSE, including assets of both financial and non-financial companies for good representation of the Ghana Stock Exchange. We found that the basic principle of the model is not satisfied. This is attributed to a number of factors which include overall size of the market, volume of trade, and high leverage (more debt than equity) associated with financial firms. High debt/equity ratio is linked to high risk. Keywords: Market Capitalization, Book-to-market ratio, Portfolio, Small minus big, High minus low

Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Cost of Equity of ASEAN-5 Public Companies

This research aims to analyze the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure, leverage, and ownership structure – consisting of institutional ownership, managerial ownership and concentrated ownership – on cost of equity with book-to-market ratio and firm size as control variables. The population was non-financial public companies listed in ASEAN. There was a total of 76 companies obtained using a purposive sampling technique. The data was analyzed using the multiple regression technique. The results show that the data is normally distributed and has met the requirements for using the multiple linear regression models. The findings indicate that the CSR and leverage have a positive and significant influence on cost of equity. Similarly, the institutional ownership also has a positive and significant influence on cost of equity. However, the managerial ownership and concentrated ownership have a negative and significant influence on cost of equity. Meanwhile, the book-to-market ratio has a negative and significant influence on cost of equity. In contrast, the firm size has a positive and significant influence on cost of equity.