Proposal of a Multicriteria Method to Implement New Primary Health Care Units - a Case Study in São Carlos - SP

Primary Health Care (PHC) is understood as the user's first contact with the Brazilian health system. The planning of PHC units is usually done based on political decisions, which neglect technical aspects related to the theme. The general objective of this study is to present a multicriteria method to assist in planning the implantation of new PHC units, through technical and objective criteria. Then this method is put into practice in the city of São Carlos - SP. The study used as the main tool the Geographic Information System (GIS), and evaluated the quality of six criteria, which are: (1) service area; (2) spatial constraints; (3) risk of natural events; (4) public transportation supply; (5) population distribution; and (6) average income. Each criterion was based on a series of indicators with clear definitions that allowed for the assignment of values according to the theme of the criterion. Each criterion culminated in a thematic map, which, when combined through a raster calculator, allowed the general classification of the study area and the viability of implanting new PHC units. The proposed method proved to be a technical and objective tool, capable of helping in the planning of new PHC units. This is exemplified in the case study in the city of São Carlos- SP.

Spatial Modeling of Environmental Quality Change Based on Geographic Information System

A coastal area is prone to decrease of environmental quality due to coastal land abrasion and inundation/tidal flood. Several studies have shown that the coastline of Sayung District, Demak Regency, is moving toward the mainland for 6.8 mm/year and the surrounding area is experiencing land subsidence for 5-7 cm/year. These phenomena have consequences to the environmental quality in the area. In this case, this research aims to develop a spatial model using a Geographical Information System (GIS) in describing and predicting changes of environmental quality in Sayung District, Demak Regency. Four variables in a Risk-Screening Ecological Index (RSEI) approach, namely (1) vegetation density, (2) soil moisture, (3) soil quality, and (4) built space and surface temperature were used as indicators of the environmental quality. A raster calculator and Spatial Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) were then used to calculate total value of the environmental quality. This research results that the environmental quality of the study area is decreasing which indicated by the RSEI value of 0.614 (1999), 0.4749 (2009), and 0.3933 (2019). The environmental quality in the study area is also worsened by waterbody expansion.

Analysis of Enhanced Built-up and Bare Land Index (EBBI) in the Urban Area of Yangon, Myanmar

In planning and reviewing changes in the ground overview data, land distribution guidelines and identification of changes are critical. The availability of free global and historical satellite images offers a valuable resource for the built-up region to be continuously and accurately mapped and tracked year by year. For thirty years of data, this study uses Landsat images to obtain substantial and land spread data that is extremely useful for urban arrangement. This paper mainly focuses on the basic extraction of the built-up area for the urban planning area every five years from the satellite images of LANDSAT 5,7,8 and Sentinel 2A from USGS. The goal is to evaluate the year-by-year shift in the urban built-up area and to obtain the accuracy of the mapping of built-up and bare land areas in the study of the urban built-up trend from 1990 to 2020. In this research, GIS tools such as raster calculator and built-up region modeling are used to measure the indices that include the Enhanced Built-up and Bareness Index (EBBI), the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the Urban Index (UI) or the Built-up Index (BUI). This study will therefore point out a variable approach to mapping traditional enhanced built-up and bare land changes (EBBI) automatically with simple indices and according to index outputs. The uncoordinated areas of land and population urbanization spread from areas and gradually the link between the expansion of urban land development and population growth has moved from weak positive to strong decoupling. The advantage of the method the enhanced built-up and bareness index (EBBI) can therefore be realized with the correlation of linear regression slightly expanded in 2020 over the last thirty years. The percentage of the outputs between the indexes and population rate was to use the entire spectral range of Landsat imageries which cause less spectral confusion between built-up area changes and higher accuracies compared to other indices. The modelling method was effective, quickly simple to implement, and can be used to find out the built-up area extraction.

GIS-Based Expert Knowledge for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM): Case of Mostaganem Coast District, West of Algeria

Landslides are one of the natural disasters that affect socioeconomic wellbeing. Accordingly, this work aimed to realize a landslide susceptibility map in the coastal district of Mostaganem (Western Algeria). For this purpose, we applied a knowledge-driven approach and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. We combined landslide-controlling parameters, such as lithology, slope, aspect, land use, curvature plan, rainfall, and distance to stream and to fault, using two GIS tools: the Raster calculator and the Weighted Overlay Method (WOM). Locations with elevated landslide susceptibility were close the urban nucleus and to a national road (RN11); in both sites, we registered the presence of strong water streams. The quality of the modeled maps has been verified using the ground truth landslide map and the Area Under Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC). The study results confirmed the excellent reliability of the produced maps. In this regard, validation based on the ROC indicates an accuracy of 0.686 for the map produced using a knowledge-driven approach. The map produced using the AHP combined with the WOM showed high accuracy (0.753).

RUSLE Model Based Annual Soil Loss Quantification for Soil Erosion Protection: A Case of Fincha Catchment, Ethiopia

In this study, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms were successfully applied to quantify the annual soil loss for the protection of soil erosion in Fincha catchment, Ethiopia. The key physical factors such as rainfall erosivity ( R-factor), soil erodibility ( K-factor), topographic condition (LS-factor), cover management ( C-factor), and support practice ( P-factor) were prepared in GIS environment from rainfall, soil, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Land use/Land cover (LULC) respectively. The RUSLE equation was used in raster calculator of ArcGIS spatial tool analyst. The individual map of the derived factors was multiplied in the raster calculator and an average annual soil loss ranges from 0.0 to 76.5 t ha−1 yr−1 was estimated. The estimated annual soil loss was categorized based on the qualitative and quantitative classifications as Very Low (0–15 t ha−1 yr−1), Low (15–45 t ha−1 yr−1), Moderate (45–75 t ha−1 yr−1), and High (>75 t ha−1 yr−1). It was found from the generated soil erosion severity map that about 45% of the catchment area was vulnerable to the erosion with an annual soil loss of (>75 t ha−1 yr−1), and this demonstrates that the erosion reduction actions are immediately required to ensure the sustainable soil resources in the study area. The soil erosion severity map generated based on RUSLE model and GIS platforms have a paramount role to alert all stakeholders in controlling the effects of the erosion. The results of the RUSLE model can also be further considered along with the catchment for practical soil loss protection practices.

Pemetaan sebaran erosi tanah prediksi melalui integrasi model USLE ke dalam Sistem Informasi Geografis

Penerapan model USLE pada beberapa Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) di Indonesia menunjukkan keragaman proses yang mempengaruhi terjadinya erosi tanah. Integrasi model USLE ke dalam Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) mampu memberikan gambaran spasial dari sebaran kelas erosi tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi besarnya erosi tanah pada berbagai tutupan lahan di sub DAS Ciesek dengan mengintegrasikan model USLE ke dalam SIG. Pengambilan sampel tanah utuh dan terganggu dilakukan berdasarkan SPT, disertai pengamatan sifat fisik tanah di lapangan. Prediksi erosi tanah dilakukan menggunakan menu raster calculator dengan input data berbasis raster yang memiliki resolusi spasial tertentu. Analisis sebaran kelas erosi pada berbagai jenis tutupan lahan dan kelas lereng dilakukan dengan metode tabulasi silang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelas erosi tanah sangat rendah dominan di lokasi penelitian yaitu pada area dengan tutupan lahan hutan. Erosi tanah prediksi tertinggi dihasilkan dari tutupan lahan terbuka, diikuti oleh lahan tegalan, dan kebun campuran

SPATIAL MODELING OF WIND SOIL EROSION IN TAIZ GOVERNORATE USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The variation Wind erosion of soil from place to another, cause the variation of variables affecting its activity, and the research aims to quantify the variables of wind erosion soil in governorate of Taiz, to reveal effect of each of them on wind erosion in governorate, was followed by revealing effect of all these spatial variables combined on wind erosion. , By building model by which all these variables were Merge according their weights. The research methodology was to collect data on each spatial variable related to wind erosion of soil, And processing this data, and deriving the informational layers for each spatial variable using a number of mathematical algorithms in the raster calculator for Arc Map 10.5, Highlighting effect of each spatial variable separately on wind erosion activity in governorate, In preparation for integrating all these spatial variables together by means of a model that shows suitability of soil for wind erosion in governorate according to the impact of all these spatial variables. The results of research found that area of district that was Described a high suitability for wind erosion is 4129.2 km2, or 41.22%, and the area of district that was Described moderate suitability for wind erosion is 2267.4 km2, or 22.63%, and area of district that was Described low suitability for wind erosion 2267.4 km2, or 22.63%, and the area of district that was Described by strong suitability for wind erosion is 461.9 km2, or 4.61%, and the area of district that was Described poorly suitability for wind erosion 275.2 km2, or 2.74% of total area governorate.

Positional-dynamic territorial structure of the urban landscape

The knowledge of landscapes’ positional - dynamic structure enabled us to include it in the work on urban landscape and ecological planning, with its ownspecifics as environmental management objects. The aim is to create cartographic models of a positional-dynamic territorial structure of Kharkiv landscape to ensure a balanced use of nature in environmental management. Methods: a positional-dynamic structure of urban landscape was selected by compiling andanalyzing cartographic works of landscape strips, tiers and districts. Territorial configuration of different types of landscape strips were identified and established based on the classical scheme of landscape locations typology by water-geochemical regime proposed by B. Polynov and supplemented by M. Glazovska, which includes 9 main types. Technically, synthesis of parameters combinations and determination of the territories affiliation to certain types of landscape strips was carried out using spatial analysis tools (in particular, reclassification and raster calculator) of initial data on morphometric relief parameters in ArcGIS. Results. A set of qualitative parameters is proposed, based on the characteristics of each type of landscape strips by which they can be identified.Composition and territorial configuration of positional-dynamic landscape strips of the urban landscape are established as a result of systematization and processing of geodata parametric features of the water-geochemical regime. Cartographic models of the positional-dynamic structureof Kharkiv landscapes have been developed, including 13 types of landscape strips with individual features united in 5 groups by types of lateral migration of substances due to the peculiarities of their positionality (common position in relation to frame lines of flow directions) and factors of relief morphology similarity, nature of income and intensity of substances transfer. The identified mode types and the nature of the spatial distribution of the corresponding landscape strips have been described in detail. Conclusions. Cartographic models of the positional-dynamic territorial structure of Kharkiv, developed during the inventory stage of landscape-ecological planning, make it possible to choose areas of balanced nature management of a particular area.

GIS Based Universal Soil Erosion Estimation in District Chakwal Punjab, Pakistan

Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem faced by district Chakwal. Unpredictable short term and high intensity rainfall, improper cultivation and deforestation have accelerated the soil erosion in the district. The agricultural productivity of the study area can be enhanced by understanding, estimating and controlling the root causes of soil erosion. This study was undertaken to estimate and spatially represent the rate of average annual soil erosion in Chakwal using GIS/RS techniques. The soil erosion was estimated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model. To find out parameters of USLE, ASTER GDEM of 30 m resolution was used to estimate slope length and elevation of the study area. Landsat 8 satellite imagery of year 2019, was used to prepare land use map using supervised classification. Soil map with texture and geomorphology was used to identify soils of study area and rainfall data of last 7 years was also studied. Finally, the soil loss has been computed using raster calculator of ArcGIS 10.2 software. The average annual soil loss was predicted up to 268,619 tons/acre/year, of which maximum soil erosion was occurring near the steep slopes and river channels. It is necessary to adapt sustainable land management practices to reduce the risk of further soil erosion, by adopting rainwater harvesting and choosing right crops for suitable soil types.

Estimated Land and Building Tax using Aerial Photography (Case Study: Tingkir District, Salatiga City)

Salatiga, a city that borders directly and is surrounded by Semarang Regency. It has an area of ​​56.78 km2, with four sub-districts including, Sidorejo Regency, Argomulyo Regency, Tingkir Regency, and Sidomukti Regency, which covers 23 villages. The city of Salatiga has a fairly high population density with a proportion of more than 3300 inhabitants / km2. In this study took place in the Central Tingkir and Tingkir Lor areas by taking several points that are considered as housing as a case study. This study aims to estimate the price of land and building tax on an object of land and building tax. The process of this research uses aerial photo processing, where aerial photographs will be processed using professional software Agisoft photoscan to become an orthophoto, digital surface models and digital terrain models to obtain building area and land area data, then digital surface models and digital terrain models are processed . with ArcGIS 10.6 software using a raster calculator to get the height of the object to be used as the height of the building. The data obtained will be used to perform land and building tax calculations. The results of this study estimate the estimated land and building tax prices of at least IDR 37,313.00 and a maximum value of IDR 3,809,763.00.