The Attitude of Teachers Towards Intercultural Education in Schools

Promoting an intercultural perspective in education must rely on a certain vision upon society. Given the special significance in educational approaches, the intercultural approach is a new way of designing and implementing the school curriculum and a new relational attitude among teachers, students and parents. The intercultural perspective opens new avenues for the manifestation of diversity and differences. Intercultural positioning is not reduced to a cumulative presentation of knowledge about the values of others, but it means cultivating attitudes of respect and openness to diversity. This attitude is born through a permanent communication with others and through a careful and optimal decentralization towards one’s own cultural norms. Therefore, the management of the intercultural conflicts made in the context of school learning experiences must be related to the dynamic perspective on the changes that characterize the educational reality in terms of educational innovation. As a consequence, a pertinent analysis of this phenomenon is required, in order to bring the necessary restructuring in order to optimize school activity and prevent conflict management between students belonging to different cultures, being known the fact that the more elaborate the interaction, the more effective and productive it becomes.

Korean Immigrant Fathers’ Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Their Parenting Involvement

This paper examines Korean immigrant fathers’ lived experiences of their parenting involvement by using interpretative phenomenological analysis of seven participants who were recruited through Korean ethnic churches in a Midwestern city. In semi-structured interviews, we explored five main areas affecting Korean immigrant fathers’ perceptions and attitudes toward parenting involvement and found the following issues to be especially salient for participants: limited acculturation progress, economic difficulties, low self-esteem, experiences of intergenerational conflict, and involvement in religious faith and church activities. This study contributes to the field’s understanding of Korean immigrant fathers’ perceptions of intergenerational and intercultural conflicts when raising their Americanized children and underlines for mental health providers the importance of providing culturally competent parenting education on the topic of positive fathering.

Intercultural Relations in a Multicultural Society: Predicting Tongans' Attitudes toward Maori and New Zealand Europeans/Palangi Groups

<p>Contemporary intergroup relations and perceptions research has largely focused on majorities' perspectives while neglecting the perspectives of minorities. However, for a multicultural society to be successful, mutually positive intergroup attitudes are important, and multiple perspectives need to be considered. This research drew on Ward and Masgoret's (2006) Integrative Model (IM) of attitudes toward immigrants to examine contact, threat (realistic and symbolic), and intergroup emotions (anger and fear) as predictors of Tongans' attitudes toward New Zealand Europeans/Palangi people and Maori. It also tested: 1) the effects of perceived discrimination to determine if this explained additional variance in out-group attitudes beyond that accounted for by contact, threat and emotions; and 2) target group (Palangi/Maori) as a moderator of the predictor variables. Two hundred and forty-four Tongans (age range 15-83 years) resident in New Zealand participated in the study. In line with the hypotheses, hierarchical regression analysis controlling for age, gender, educational level, English language proficiency and employment status indicated that greater contact and lower levels of symbolic threat predicted positive out-group attitudes and fear predicted negative attitudes. Furthermore, the addition of perceived discrimination to the regression model significantly accounted for additional variance in out-group attitudes and appeared to mediate the effect of fear, which was no longer significant. Contrary to expectations, however, these effects were not moderated by out-group (Palangi/Maori) target. The findings are discussed in relation to New Zealand's social, economic and political context. In addition, the contributions offered by a minority perspective on intergroup relations are elaborated, and the applications of the findings are described along with recommendations for future research. In the end, understanding minorities' perspectives is crucial for promoting positive intergroup relations in New Zealand as well as in other multicultural societies particularly those with long histories of cultural plurality and prolonged intercultural conflicts.</p>

Intercultural Relations in a Multicultural Society: Predicting Tongans' Attitudes toward Maori and New Zealand Europeans/Palangi Groups

<p>Contemporary intergroup relations and perceptions research has largely focused on majorities' perspectives while neglecting the perspectives of minorities. However, for a multicultural society to be successful, mutually positive intergroup attitudes are important, and multiple perspectives need to be considered. This research drew on Ward and Masgoret's (2006) Integrative Model (IM) of attitudes toward immigrants to examine contact, threat (realistic and symbolic), and intergroup emotions (anger and fear) as predictors of Tongans' attitudes toward New Zealand Europeans/Palangi people and Maori. It also tested: 1) the effects of perceived discrimination to determine if this explained additional variance in out-group attitudes beyond that accounted for by contact, threat and emotions; and 2) target group (Palangi/Maori) as a moderator of the predictor variables. Two hundred and forty-four Tongans (age range 15-83 years) resident in New Zealand participated in the study. In line with the hypotheses, hierarchical regression analysis controlling for age, gender, educational level, English language proficiency and employment status indicated that greater contact and lower levels of symbolic threat predicted positive out-group attitudes and fear predicted negative attitudes. Furthermore, the addition of perceived discrimination to the regression model significantly accounted for additional variance in out-group attitudes and appeared to mediate the effect of fear, which was no longer significant. Contrary to expectations, however, these effects were not moderated by out-group (Palangi/Maori) target. The findings are discussed in relation to New Zealand's social, economic and political context. In addition, the contributions offered by a minority perspective on intergroup relations are elaborated, and the applications of the findings are described along with recommendations for future research. In the end, understanding minorities' perspectives is crucial for promoting positive intergroup relations in New Zealand as well as in other multicultural societies particularly those with long histories of cultural plurality and prolonged intercultural conflicts.</p>

Preliminary Validation of the Questionnaire on Behavioral Strategies in Intercultural Conflict

Globalization, forced and voluntary migration, as well as the development of international relations result in increased cultural heterogeneity and, accordingly, increased frequency of intercultural contacts. Unfortunately, the massive clash of different cultures, ethnic groups and confessions is often accompanied by the emergence of cultural misunderstandings, prejudices and conflicts. From the point of view of scientific knowledge, intercultural conflict is a relatively new and poorly studied subject of psychology, which includes the need to create new tools for studying this kind of conflict. The article presents the results of the development and preliminary validation of The Questionnaire on Behavioral Strategies in Intercultural Conflict based on a motivational model for choosing a behavioral strategy. The development of the questionnaire took place in several stages and included a qualitative and quantitative methodology. The methodology was validated on a Russian sample (N = 256). The obtained results of approbation indicate rather high psychometric characteristics of the method as a research tool. The developed questionnaire describes behavior consistent with seven strategies: collaborating, competing, avoiding, accommodating, teaching norms, expressing negative emotions, and searching a third party. The questionnaire can be used by various specialists for the prevention and settlement of intercultural conflicts, when conducting trainings on ethnic tolerance and intercultural competence and communication, when developing recommendations for state and non-profit organizations dealing with the problems of interethnic relations, adaptation of refugees and migrants.

ACCULTURATION STRATEGIES OF MIGRANTS IN KONTEXT OF THEIR CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTIONS

The article highlights that the phenomenon of cross-cultural interactions retains its significance and relevance during the time of rapid globalization and active migration. Intercultural conflicts often lead to social imbalance, alienation, separation, and even to the loss of national identity. Everything depends on the nature of acculturation pathways, i.e. the strategies migrants choose in order to adapt to a multicultural environment. Within the framework of cross-cultural psychology, J. Berry – an influential Canadian scholar in the field of social multiculturalism – proposed the concept in terms of intercultural relations and acculturation strategies. According to the researcher, the latter comprises two components, namely: socio-cultural attitudes and the real model of individual behavior under specific conditions, which rarely coincide. Such strategies as assimilation, separation/segregation, marginalization, and integration have been discussed in the article. By assimilation we mean the refusal from or complete loss of people’s cultural identity, traditions, language, and the consequential unification with the dominant ethnic group. Separation or segregation is defined by the absence of significant relations or contacts with the dominant ethnic group and the preservation of ethnic identity and traditions. This strategy can take the form of either segregation or separation, depending on which group (dominant or non-dominant) controls the situation. Marginalization is characterized by the feeling of alienation, the loss of the sense of identity, and the so-called acculturation stress. This strategy leads to the deprivation of cultural and psychological interactions with both the traditional and dominant cultures due to exclusion or discrimination. Integration is perceived as both the preservation of the cultural integrity of a certain group and the desire to become an essential part of a larger community. Therefore, integration can be considered the middle ground between preserving one's cultural identity and joining a dominant society. In conclusion, the integration strategy is considered the most successful. However, it should also be emphasized that such factors as a relatively low level of social prejudice, positive relationships between different cultural groups, and a wide range of cultural values within a society are vital for the effective implementation of the strategy. In further research, we intend to investigate which of the strategies mentioned international students use most during the process of their acculturation to a foreign academic environment.

CULTURAL TRANSLATION BEYOND AN INTERDISCIPLINARY EXIT, A MEETING OF KNOWLEDGE

In a context of intercultural conflicts, of exclusive educational policies, it is necessary to create inclusive perspectives, enabling coexistence between different cultures. A Latin American educational framework rooted in neoliberal policies restricts creative gazes. Two doctoral researches carried out with a perspective of Popular Education, one in Mexico, Costa Rica, Argentina and Uruguay and another on a specific experience in Uruguay show the potential of the emancipatory component. His socio-historical analyzes link the educational proposals with the historical evolution of their problems in relation to their contexts. Cultural translation is presented as one of the potentialities, where weighted popular knowledge is rescued by groups. Some socio-community referents have skills to know, understand and translate the demands. A training obtained from the analysis of the experience and knowledge of the groups stimulates decolonization processes.

CITRA DIRI INDIVIDU DAN NEGOSIASI MUKA WARGA DENGAN BUDAYA KOLEKTIVISME DI NEGARA BERBUDAYA INDIVIDUALISME

Most of the Indonesian citizens implement a collectivism culture considering that Indonesia is one of the countries that implement a collectivism culture according to Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory. Indonesian citizens who migrate and live-in countries that implement individualism culture will feel the differences in their culture, which has the potential to produce intercultural communication conflicts. The Face Negotiation Theory that was initiated by Ting-Toomey explains that there are various approaches to resolving intercultural conflicts that exist. This research analyses the concept of self-construal and intercultural communication conflict management approaches used by two Indonesian citizens who are migrating in the United States and Australia through interviews and literature studies. The results of the study found the fact that the difference in self-construal concepts by each informant could produce the different approaches in managing conflict in communication between cultures, even though both informants were from countries with collectivism cultures.

Intercultural conflicts of Uzbek and English stereotypes

The most essential ability to understand the characteristics of learning foreign languagesis to learn how to communicate with people of different nationalities and, most importantly, to enjoy this communication. The language of each ethnic group is a living organism and is inextricably linked with its history, culture and social life. The problem of the interaction of language and culture is one of the central issues in linguistics. This article is based on the analysis of linguistic and cultural stereotypes in the Uzbek and English languages, as well as the prevention of intercultural conflict.